Serbia Tourism and Events Management compared to Hainan Essay

Serbia Tourism and Events Management contrasted with Hainan - Essay Example Hainan is a state in the People’s Republic of China and is a mainstream visitor goal. It brags a rich assortment attractions and normal assets including greenery, fauna and natural life. It additionally has a rich chronicled and social legacy and different, brilliant ethnic minorities. It focuses on quality by offering an enhanced item go opening up the Paracel and Spratly islands to the travel industry. It offers exercises, for example, yachting, golf, surfing, nature-based the travel industry and shopping alternatives (Van Der Wagen and Carlos, 2005). Serbia, then again, is a landlocked nation in southeast Europe. The nation brags of a long and vivid history. It has fascination locales, for example, dynamic urban areas, medieval cloisters and remnants of old human advancements. It is a favorable region to visit since it offers open doors for unwinding and dynamic interests. Its principle vacation destinations are mountain resorts, spa resorts and warm springs and an assortme nt of fitness focuses (Van Der Wagen and Carlos, 2005). As indicated by The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Serbia has built up its travel industry with an intrigue for new and more extensive objective markets. It has been a country at war for as long as decade with the progressive political emergency. It has improved its Tourism and Travel economy representing 5.3% of the all out GDP and supporting 6% of the proper business part. To accomplish its maximum capacity, it should consolidate the focal area, plentiful social and regular assets with a steady business and administrative structure. Then again, the emphasis on the travel industry and travel improvement by the Hainan common government started in the 1990’s. It has experienced a significant change over time.â

Miscarriages of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unsuccessful labors of Justice - Essay Example This happens due to wasteful methodology . Second, the laws that are concerned them. Third, for there is no data that legitimizes the applied treatment or discipline. Fourth, if suspects, litigants or convicts are dealt with negatively by the state to an inconsistent degree contrasted with the need with secure the privileges of others; or, fifth, if the privileges of different people are not viably or similarly ensured or protected by State activity against law violators or, 6th, by State law itself(Greer, 1986). For, the six gatherings above spin around topics of break of privileges of suspects and respondents, the lopsided treatment of suspects/litigants or the non-vindication of the privileges of casualties, may be named direct unnatural birth cycles. Also, it might be conceivable to get from their curse a seventh, aberrant unsuccessful labor which influences the network all in all. A conviction coming out of double dealing or wrongdoings will erode the state's cases to authenticity. For, this is established on the network criminal equity framework's qualities which incorporates as regard for singular rights. Thusly, just as the undesirable confidence of the individual, the ethical uprightness of the criminal procedure endures harm(McConville, 1994). Likewise, there could be a typical weakness by method of reduced trust in the vanguards of lawfulness prompting lesser dynamic residents supporting the police and a decline in the quantity of legal hearers ready to convict even the incredibly guilty.Definitely, it has been discussed that this roundabout type of premature delivery can exist autonomously just as unexpectedly in two regards. One is that a penetrate of the rule of legal authenticity ought to be of concern regardless of whether there is an exact and reasonable assurance of blame or guiltlessness. Also, it despite everything produces extraordinary good mischief regardless of whether, most definitely, there is a blunder however no genuine damage is dispensed (state, when an individual detained forever is unfairly sentenced soon a short time later for a minor motoring offense). It is subsequently contended that the State itself ought to maintain a strategic distance from activities or procedures which may harm the trustworthiness of the framework. Predictable with this worry, legal counselors, in the case of representing indictment or resistance, are reminded that they are not the figures of their customers but rather owe obligations of honesty to the criminal e quity system(Poole, 1998). Basic assessment why sexual orientation related wrongdoing is imperative to understanding pertinent strategies of the criminal equity policyIn the article expressed that the sex equity obligation and the criminal equity framework April 2007: The Gender Equality Duty comes in to constrain, the sexual orientation equity obligation has been the greatest radical transformation to sex to sex segregation law for as far back as thirty years. It is likewise like the presentation in 2001 of a comparative open division race balance obligation after the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry and the presentation of a handicap balance obligation in December 2006. Besides, Fawcett distributions of the Fawcett Society had distributed two reports to help the execution of the Gender Equality Duty in the criminal equity framework: The obligation to comprehension the comprehend your obligation area subtleties how the law should influence the criminal just

Diary and Experience Sampling Research †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Diary and Experience Sampling Research. Answer: Presentation Research and examination frames a useful piece of any investigation or research plan. The exploration questions depend on the current issue circumstance and focuses towards grasping the conceivable answers for redressal of the equivalent. The exploration questions depend on dissecting the riddle for introducing an away from of the current circumstance. The riddle is then separated into parts and the segments are independently managed. The ebb and flow study centers around the various parts of social research and the different contributing elements for directing an examination study. The task has been isolated into various parts, for example, information creation strategies and the points of interest or the confinements joined with such techniques. So as to structure an examination question there is a need to center upon the fundamental meaning of research. Here research could be characterized as a methodical examination or request which contributes in building up the information on a hypothesis further. For the momentum task the examination addresses dependent on a social issue in Melbourne had been thought about. In this regard, the social research shapes a little segment under the immense umbrella of research. The exploration is directed with the end goal of making information for the improvement of the social world. As remarked by Fraley and Hudson (2014), the parts of the social world are associated with one another as far as obtainment of administrations for the practicality of humankind. Accordingly, the interruption in one of the parts can upset a portion of different components as well. Therefore, planning the examination question is one of the urgent segments of research study and structure. Subsequently, various para meters should be contemplated during planning an examination question. Various rules had been followed here for planning of a compelling examination question, for example, encircling significant inquiries. The inquiries to be structured as far as research and scholarly restrictions of the specialist should be reasonable enough. The inquiries ought to be considerable and associated with unique situation. The inquiries ought to legitimize the destinations of the examination theory all through and ought to be clear and compact. As referenced by Rea and Parker (2014), a succinct and clear substance is effectively relatable and are fruitful in producing adequate enthusiasm for the perusers regrading the examination question. The inquiries had been planned so as to offer adequate extension for the clarification and nitty gritty conversation of the learning results of the course. Be that as it may, for planning an exploration question which is socially and exactly researchable various itemized perceptions should be made. A portion of the information had been g athered by conversing with individuals, looking over or directing tests with individuals. Be that as it may, as contended by Brinkmann (2014), regularly absence of adequate help and support from individuals can constrain the extent of foundations of the exploration plan. The exploration questions should feature something astounding and astonishing. This aides in the investigation of new roads or territories which had not been secured previously. Information required for responding to explore questions The assortment of information frames an administering factor for assessment and examination of the exploration questions. The information could be additionally partitioned into two significant segments that are essential and auxiliary information. The essential information alludes to recently gathered data, which has been assembled by the scientist for responding to of the examination questions. The auxiliary information alludes to effectively existent information present as writing sources and companion investigated diary or articles. For the current research, the analyst has gathered essential information for assessment of the examination question. The essential information are again both quantitative and subjective in nature and here both have been thought of. The information have been gathered by directing meetings and overviews where a piece of the Melbourne occupants where posed inquiries relating to the preferences or weaknesses related with teaching of vitality proficient str ucture rehearses. As announced by a portion of the Melbourne inhabitants the utilization of vitality productive parts can expand the infrastructural cost of the structures. Despite what might be expected, some had detailed that the utilization of such vitality effective gadgets could help in decreasing the power and force utilization of the structures all in all. Subsequently, the execution of such strategies is both prudent and furthermore keeps up the social obligation of keeping up a vitality adequate condition (Palinkas et al. 2015). Along these lines, the scientist was placed in a circumstance of fix where inverse perspectives were given by the members of the study. In this way, experimental information were gathered where the rate reactions of the members were utilized for showing up at an appropriate arrangement. The strategy for information creation frames a significant segment of structuring an exploration question. With the end goal of information assortment an organized open finished meeting poll had been planned. The point by point reactions gave by the members regrading the advantages of restrictions teaching of vitality proficient gadgets in developing structures in the Melbourne district of Australia. The gathered reactions were placed into increasingly compact and organized structures for additional assessment. A further quantitative technique for information assortment was utilized for producing factual and observational information. The inquiries posed here were generally close finished with restricted alternatives where the members could just answer in a yes or no. Also, the inquiries with open finished answers were for the most part objective in nature restricting the extent of further clarification by the members. In the current research technique unstructured inquiries had been empowered by the analyst. Here, the course of discussion further decided the arrangement of inquiries to be posed all through the meeting. For the examination study three information creation techniques which had been followed here which are leading of meetings, planning of online center gatherings and encircling of an online poll. As remarked by Goodman et al (2013), the structuring of the center gatherings would help in producing succinct information. Points of interest and impediments of information assortment techniques For the current task three unique techniques for information assortment have been utilized, for example, planning a center gathering, building an online poll and leading a meeting. The strategies have been aggregated to show up at a summative outcome which could be additionally extended by the analyst. There are various qualities and constraints of every datum creation strategies which could be additionally broke down for choosing the best other option. The determination of the center gathering helps in leading the exploration in lesser measure of time. Be that as it may, as contended by Flick (2014), the vast majority of the occasions similarly lesser number of members shows up for the meeting than really drew closer. This could thwart information assortment process and further assessment of the examination questions. Despite what might be expected, leading a meeting could help in the statement of enthusiasm by the members. This likewise helps in get-together reasonable targets from the members which could be based upon further. In any case, for the present investigation the way toward directing a study for information assortment had been generally useful. This is on the grounds that the reactions could be introduced in rates which help in killing any further inclinations. As contended by Ormston et al.(2014), various moral contemplations must be mulled over here which incorporates taking appropriate assent from the members. Therefore, constrained support or where restricted data had been given to the members about the information assortment procedure could be an exploitative practice strategy. In this regard, further optional information could be utilized by the scientist for referral and confirmation of his investigation structure. Be that as it may, there are constraints as for dialects and watchwords. A portion of the diaries are accessible in dialects other than English which could restrict the extent of research (Muraki et al 2017). So also, a reference to the optional sources could help in showing up at increasingly adequate outcomes. End The ebb and flow task centers around the idea of planning of research inquiries for coming to a reasonable end result. The investigation here features an exploration question where the utilization of vitality proficient strategies for improving structure gauges in Melbourne had been examined. Here, various parameters have been focussed upon by the analyst for structuring the examination questions. The accentuation had been given on planning progressively relatable inquiries which would address the social issue and the current issue circumstance looked in Melbourne. The major contributing components here are the information structures or the information assortment techniques which further administers the accomplishment of the exploration study. For the momentum inquire about, essential information just had been mulled over where both quantitative and subjective research configuration has been selected. The blended strategies alongside the observational and the measurable information h elp in showing up at as appropriate arrangement. Be that as it may, various restrictions are looked in the information assortment strategy which incorporates the agree to be taken from the members for leading the meetings. In addition, the members ought to be advised about the meeting procedure much ahead of time. The planning of the correct center gatherings fills in as a restricting variable here. References Boeije, H., van Wesel, F. what's more, Slagt, M., (2014). Direction for settling on utilization of essential blended strategies concentrates in inquire about union: exercises learned in youth trauma.Quality Quantity,48(2), pp.1075-1088. Brinkmann, S., (2014). Meeting. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008

Gilgamesh An Honest Hero for Humanity - Free Essay Example

In 1855 American poet Walt Whitman addresses the internal conflict of humanity, declaring Very well then I contradict myself / (I am large, I contain multitudes). Yet literature wrestles with this dilemma of dissonance far before Whitman enters the scene. In fact, over three thousand years prior, The Epic of Gilgamesh describes the adventures and trials of a hero who encompasses similar contradictions. Through the incomplete text of the epic, Gilgamesh struggles with the tension between wisdom and ignorance as his character develops†relationally, experientially, and emotionally†and this tension forces the reader to examine ones own inconsistencies. The text reveals multiple dichotomies†civilization vs. Nature, male vs. female, supernatural beings vs. average humans†but one of the most distinct is the difference between wisdom and ignorance. Many characters lack basic knowledge and fall into a state of ignorance. For definitive purposes, wisdom is more than simple knowledge. It manifests as a deeper understanding, typically after the character experiences something that demands change. For example, when Enkidu tries to exist in the wilderness after the week of ecstasy with the harlot, he is diminished. . . But he drew himself up, for his understanding had broadened. Gilgamesh, as the character undergoing the most change, is expected to acquire the greatest wisdom. The conflict created by that expectation drives the epic forward and provides a lens to analyze his growth. The first influences on Gilgamesh are his relationships. In the broadest sense of the word, he has a relationship with the people he governs. They praise him, dawning labels of mighty protector, protector of his people, and he rewards them with oppression. He abuses his role as king, taking the women as sexual objects and challenging the men to physical contests. If he was a wise ruler, he would not behave in this manner because it undermines his political legitimacy. These interactions demonstrate how much he must learn before he can truly embody the acclamations mentioned in the beginning of the text. This transformation must be accomplished with closer bonds. His mother, Queen Nishun, is a confidant and advice-giver for Gilgamesh. Her characterization as the wise, the all-knowing starkly contrasts the nave Gilgamesh of the first tablet. He approaches her to interpret the first dream mentioned in the text. She explains that he will encounter a mighty man, a comrade who saves his friend, and he trusts her prediction. This is first time wisdom is conveyed to Gilgamesh. Enkidu is the foreseen comrade, who starts as an adversary and becomes a best friend. This relationship is the most formative on Gilgamesh and determines his trajectory for the rest of the epic. Yet in some instances, Enkidu purposely keeps Gilgamesh in ignorance. As equals, it seems that the two of them cannot simultaneously act in wisdom. When they were preparing for their trip to the Cedar Forest, Gilgamesh disregarded the warnings of Enkidu and the Elders. Then they switch roles. Gilgamesh becomes fearful, sharing his cautionary nightmares with Enkidu, who in turn manipulates the meanings to continue their hunt. He then deliberately ignores the consequences of killing Humbaba and urges Gilgamesh to continue, despite his doubts. As the texts alternates between demonstrating wisdom and ignorance, so do the central characters on the adventure. The personal connections built throughout the epic impact the way Gilgamesh reacts to later situations. Previously, he indulged in exclusively self-gratifying endeavors without regard for anyones opinion. Now, his motivation comes from a more vulnerable place, and he must humble himself to find the answers he desires. His journey through the wilderness brings him into contact with new characters; Gilgamesh surprises them with his lowly appearance and pleas for help. It is only after losing his best friend that he turns to others for advice, rather than praise and tacit approval. However, ignorance and pride are still his folly. When the Scorpion-Being warns him of the treacherous passage ahead, he insists. When Siduri, the tavern-keeper, offers similar disclaimers of the coming dangers, Gilgamesh continues. He persists in his belligerence, destroying the stone things then demanding Urshanabi deliver him across the Waters of Death. Finally he reaches Utnapishtim and is given ultimate insight on Death and Life†what he claims to be searching for†and still, he needs more. Though he has new knowledge of his mortality, he claims to Utnapishtim that he can complete his challenge to earn eternal life. He cannot. Gilgamesh is quickly overcome by his human limitations. This shows that having knowledge and acting on it are two separate feats. His first quest was about showing his strength and achieving fame. This second one, inspired by his grief and fear, is a quest for answers to bigger questions. Even though he fails, that revolution is enough to pro ve his progress. The greatest development did not come to fruition in his relationships alone or even through his experiences, but in the depth of his emotions. It is only after feeling real love and loss that he can recognize his faults and grapple with his failures. After the death of Enkidu, he acknowledges his grief and fear, exclaiming: I am going to die! †am I not like Enkidu? Deep sadness penetrates my core, I fear death, and now roam the wilderness. Previously, Gilgamesh would have depended on his godlike characteristics of beauty and strength to cover up his humanness. In his grief, Gilgamesh shows a reversal of that tendency. The most emotive response of the epic is the thrice repeated passage of mourning: Should my cheeks not be emaciated? Should my heart not be wretchedthe issue of Enkidu, my friend, oppresses meAm I not like him? Will I lie down, never to get up again? This can seem needlessly repetitious, but it functions as an internal dialogue for Gilgamesh. Through this, he c omes to terms with his own impermanence. In his moments of self-awareness and pain, he is the most human and the gains the most wisdom. That is why he can come back to Uruk, empty-handed and mortal, and be venerated as He who has seen everythingsaw the Secret, discovered the Hidden. The perceived ending for Gilgamesh connects us back to the beginning, and it indicates his continual growth in the unfinished sections of the epic. As modern readers, it is easy to project our assumptions onto the ancient texts. We are conditioned to look for a hero who overcomes an impossible feat, learns something, and remains a good person the whole time. The entire epic is a battle between wisdom and ignorance, and we expect there to be a clear winner in the end. But the text is not complete, and neither is the battle. The incompleteness of the texts demands that we confront the absences. We must be willing to accept that as long as the text is undiscovered, so is the clear answer to our questions†and that is a more honest reflection of humanity. What we learn from Gilgamesh (and have reinforced by Whitman) is that the self is an ever-evolving pursuit. All our friendships, experiences, and emotions will challenge and influence the person we think we are, and that is okay. If the oldest recorded story in the world is still changing, it makes sense that we are too.

Minority Minorities Praising Minorities For Acting As...

Model Minorities: Praising Minorities for Acting as White as Possible In America’s attempt to create a social hierarchy, we have historically classified people based on their appearance. Our country has been ruled by white males since its beginning, with minorities treated as lesser beings and, our historical narrative reflects that. Within the last 50 years our country has attempted to make strides towards changing this narrative through the civil right’s movement and changes in modern perspectives. Despite these attempts, things are still not even close to being equal. However, some â€Å"model minorities† have found it easier to adjust to our dominantly white culture. Because of America’s continuous institutionalized racism, our country favors minorities who favor them; we typically like Asians and light skinned Latinos. Not only do these minorities favor the white majority physically, but they also assimilate into our system with little to no resistanc e. African Americans are typically viewed as complete opposites of what I’ve described above—our modern stereotypes perpetuate African Americans as angry, aggressive people. Through racial stereotypes that maintain that lighter skin is more favorable, we are creating a system that results with African Americans at the bottom of our social hierarchy. Although most white Americans wouldn’t admit it, we attribute certain stereotypes to different ethnicities. Each race has a series of characteristics that we use to defineShow MoreRelatedsecond sex Essay13771 Words   |  56 PagesThere are, to be sure, other cases in which a certain category has been able to dominate another completely for a time. Very often this privilege depends upon inequality of numbers the majority imposes its rule upon the minority or persecutes it. But women are not a minority, like the American Negroes or the Jews; there are as many women as men on earth. Again, the two groups concerned have often been originally independent; they may have been formerly unaware of each others existence, or perhapsRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 PagesMeanwhile England, together with the rest of the world, is changing. And like everything else it can change only in certain directions, which up to a point can be foreseen. That is not to say that the future is fixed, merely that certain alternatives are possible and others not. A seed may grow or not grow, but at any rate a turnip seed never grows into a parsnip. It is therefore of the deepest importance to try and determine what England is, before guessing what part England can play in the huge events thatRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesconforming to norms without regard for the best interests of the group and its goals. a. True b. False Answer: a. True . Members who engage in disruptive or nonconforming behavior should always be confronted about their behavior as soon as possible. a. True b. False Answer: b. False . When a highly disruptive member prevents a group from achieving its common goals, a group should use the following strategies—in the following order—to deal with the troublesome member: confront, excludeRead MoreMID TERM STUDY GUIDE Essay16611 Words   |  67 PagesPerspective taking refers to: (35) a. Adjusting the focus in microscopes b. Taking another person’s point of view *** c. Qualitative research d. An interviewing technique 8. For Vygotsky the zone of proximal development means: (35) a. The best possible developmental outcome b. The range of developmental tasks c. The area nearest the developmental outcome d. The gap between what a child can and cannot do *** 9. The information processing approach refers to cognition analyzes: (37) a. The cognitiveRead MoreImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 Pagesemployee. h. Determined solely by the manager. i. Determined solely by the employee. j. Jointly determined by manager and employee. k. Clear to manager and employee. l. Written. m. Time oriented. n. Speciï ¬ c (numbers, percentages, dollars, wherever possible). o. The basis for performance appraisal. p. Subject to change. 37. The same appraisal forms and procedures can be effectively used by any kind of organization. 38. The people who supervise a performance appraisal program must do more than simplyRead MoreInside the Meltdown49737 Words   |  199 Pagesthey could understand how beneficial it really was. I think that s right. They talked through the public policy reasons why it was important to get this capital into these banks. I think the ones who really were pushing back were definitely in the minority, so there may have been some peer pressure there as well. But yes, Secretary Paulson and Treasury and the Fed were leading the discussion, and I think there was some dissuasion that needed to occur. And you re right: They were won over. Did youRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesGaining Organizational Power 286 The Necessity of Power and Empowerment 286 Sources of Personal Power 288 Sources of Positional Power 293 Transforming Power into Influence 298 Influence Strategies: The Three Rs 298 The Pros and Cons of Each Strategy 300 Acting Assertively: Neutralizing Influence Attempts 304 SKILL ANALYSIS 310 Case Involving Power and Influence 310 River Woods Plant Manager 310 SKILL PRACTICE 311 Exercise for Gaining Power 311 Repairing Power Failures in Management Circuits 311 ExerciseRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesfollowing is some guidance on how the use of text and cases might be adapted to these various purposes. †¢ If awareness is the key purpose, the text can be used to provide a basic framework (say through a lecture series) and devote as much time as possible to illustrative work. The illustrations and case examples in the text should prove valuable and teache rs should try to supplement these with their own topical material (press cuttings, material from company websites, etc.). The Exploring StrategyRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesprepared in cooperation with and approval of the management of the organisation concerned. Case studies can never fully capture the richness and complexity of real-life management situations and we would also encourage readers and tutors to take every possible opportunity to explore the live strategic issues of organisations – both their own and others. The following brief points of guidance should prove useful in selecting and using the case studies provided: ââ€"  The summary table that follows indicatesRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 Pagesbest market opportunities, and other aspects of the enterprise’s external environment. Unless a strategy exhibits a tight ft with both the external and internal aspects of a company’s overall situation, it is likely to produce less than the best possible business results. b. Is the strategy helping the company achieve a sustainable competitive advantage? i. The bigger and more durable the competitive edge that a strategy helps build, the more powerful and appealing it is.

The Doctrine Of Original Sin - 1537 Words

Uncontestably, Augustine is the most prominent and influential church father, for the Western Church. As the last of the ancient Christian writers, his theology not only formulated medieval scholarship; conversely, Augustine considerably impacted the theology of the Protestant Reformation. Regarding original sin and hamartiology, Augustine is the fountainhead, for both Protestant and Roman Catholic’s; however, he was not the originator of the doctrine. Depicting humankind’s solidarity with Adam preceded the teaching of Augustine, but none discussed humanity’s willful complicity in Adam’s sin as vividly and thoroughly. Imperative to understanding the doctrine of original sin is establishing the distinction between evil and sin, being†¦show more content†¦Understanding the Backdrop Augustine’s initial theological formulation of original sin came as a response to the Manichaean movement, with whom he affiliated for nearly ten years. The Manichaean doctrine of evil was utterly unacceptable to Augustine, especially regarding their absolute dualism of Light and Darkness struggling against one another. Augustine denied the existence of two â€Å"eternally antagonistic principles,† and affirmed that all that exists must come from God. Augustine, writing against the Manichaeans, asserts, Bring before our minds good things however great, which it is fitting that we attribute to God as their author, and these having been eliminated let us see whether any nature will remain. All life both great and small, all power great and small, all safety great and small†¦all peace great and small, and whatever other like things may occur, especially such as are found throughout all things, whether spiritual or corporeal, every measure, every form, every order both great and small, are from the Lord God. Augustine considered everything existent as created by God, the author of life and thus, everything was established for good. Thus, evil is not an entity, nor is it nature; ratherShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of Original Sin2199 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION The doctrine of original sin refers to in Christian doctrine, â€Å"the condition or state of sin in which each human is born; also the origin of this state.† It is often viewed as one of the most difficult parts of Christian theology. The idea that Adam’s sin was imputed to the whole human race and that we are personally implicated with Adam, is a good example of a doctrine that has generated a great deal of debate. Some theologians go as far as to view the doctrine of original sin as ‘offensive’Read MoreOriginal Sin1617 Words   |  7 PagesDoctrines are used as a foundation to Christian beliefs. They serve to many churches as fundamentals in the direction their members chose to live their lives. It is important to understand the historical backgrounds of the doctrines that pertain to ones particular beliefs. I will be discussing this very information for the doctrine of original sin. The doctrine of original sin mostly pertains to the Roman Catholic religion. I will be covering when, where, and why the doctrine was originated. OriginalRead MoreEssay on Original sin1612 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Doctrines are used as a foundation to Christian beliefs. They serve to many churches as fundamentals in the direction their members chose to live their lives. It is important to understand the historical backgrounds of the doctrines that pertain to one’s partic ular beliefs. I will be discussing this very information for the doctrine of original sin. The doctrine of original sin mostly pertains to the Roman Catholic religion. I will be covering when, where, and why the doctrine was originatedRead MoreTaking a Look at the Original Sin1159 Words   |  5 PagesOriginal Sin In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth ex nihilo (out of nothing). After God created the earth he made â€Å"the adam† out of the dust of the earth and by breathing into his nostrils made the man living. Everything God created was Good, the man was also good but only with woman was man complete. God created woman from the rib of Adam. Both Adam and his partner Eve were both placed in the Garden of Eden where they were to live and eat from, everything in the Garden exceptRead MoreA Statement on Original Sin Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesA Statement on Original Sin First articulated by Augustine (A.D. 354–430), the doctrine of original sin holds that all of Adam’s descendants inherit the guilt of Adam’s sin and thus incur the punishment for Adam’s sin. Inheriting Adam’s guilt at birth, then, presumes one guilty before God at birth and destined for hell. This is the basis for the Catholic need for infant baptism, for the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception (that Mary herself was uniquely conceived free of Adam’s guilt), andRead MorePoverty And Poverty1081 Words   |  5 Pagesopinion of the poor. Famous authors and politicians during the time, like Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke, sparked an emergence of differing opinions from those commonly held prior to the revolution on the topics of human nature’s impact on poverty and original sin. In today’s day and age, this difference of opinion is still prevalent within mainstream society as people frequently stigmatize the poor for their class status. In order to fully comprehend present day issues within poverty, one must first examineRead MoreThe Sin Of The Original Sin961 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I think of the Original Sin, I think of the world’s first sin—the patriarchy and matriarchy sin. Today, the world consists of sinners begging the Lord for forgiveness—thanks to Adam and Eve. How different would the world be if Adam and Eve did not bit the forbidden fruit? Would such sin still exist today? â€Å"If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness† (1 John 1:9 King James Version). It is important to keep in mind that no humanRead MoreAugustines Confessions Essays1099 Words   |  5 Pagesbaptized later. In 391 Augustine was appointed Bishop of Hippo. He is considered the greatest Church Father. He was a defender of the Catholic faith and wrote and developed many doctrines to combat the heresies of his day, including his most famous rejection of the Pelagian doctrine. Pelagianism denied original sin and affirmed the ability of human beings to be righteous by the exercise of free will. â€Å"Augustine insisted on the fallen nature of man and the need for salvation by divine grace. (592)† Read MoreWhat is the Meaning of Being Human?849 Words   |  3 Pagesand outlining their similarities and differences on what these two philosophers feel is the meaning of being human. Saint Augustines Doctrine of Original Sin and Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative are two separate methods for taking a gander at evil. Both philosophers’ theories are different to a certain extent, Kant actually chooses to reject Augustines Doctrine totally however there are still a few likenesses between the two. Where Augustine believes that humankind is evil in light of the issuesRead MoreAnalysis: Edward Taylors Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children, and Upon A Wasp Chilled With Cold1153 Words   |  5 Pagesand joyous grace, you cannot have spiritual salvation while living on Earth. In other words, in order to make it in this earthly life, you need salvation from God in order to be freed from wrath of God and the consequences of sin. Taylor’s beliefs originate from the doctrines of Puritanism that were taught upon him as a child. He seems to believe that without spiritual salvation, you are unable to live a blissful life. Without God’s concrete support, on e cannot thrive or maximize their potential in

Mrs Birling free essay sample

Mrs Birling is one of the principle characters in An inspector calls – she is used to portray the idealistic views held by the upper-class at the time. Mrs Birling is presented by Priestly as the body of Capitalism – by portraying her in a negative light allows the reader to draw assumptions between the negative characteristics portrayed by Mrs Birling and the negative aspects of a capitalist society, which is what Priestly intended to do. Our first impressions of Mrs Birling come from the following quote used to describe her, A rather cold woman, the use of the word cold suggests a lack of emotion – of substance there, which is strange considering her life is initially put across to the reader as a vision of perfection full of desert plates and champagne glasses, This immediately sets the tone for the rest of the play as here as Priestly suggests here that some people fail to see what is directly in front of them – Mrs Birling is so focused on conforming to her stereotypical upper-class title that she doesnt appreciate the riches that she already has. The notion of maintaining a certain image is developed further by Priestly when we see Mrs Birlings embarrassment when her husband complements the cook, Arthur, youre not supposed to say such things-’ Her life is governed by her notion of correctness – as soon as someone behaves in a way which does not live up to their social expectations in society – she reprimands them. This expresses her narrow-mindedness as there is no flexibility here to step out of this stereotype – Priestly does this to portray the idea that in a capitalist society you are in a sense trapped as there is no escaping these idealistic views thrust upon you from a very early stage which also implies that Mrs Birling is a product of her capitalist upbringing. This introduces Ouspenkys theory to the play which suggests that after death we will re-enter our lives in a continuous cycle of the same events from birth which will continue until a significant change is made – then the cycle will stop as allow you to escape from the repetitions. Priestley uses this to represent Mr and Mrs Birling as here he states that they are continually going around in this cycle as they are incapable of making a significant change to break this cycle – which also portrays a key theme represented in the play of the notion of change which is un-welcomed by the older generations. However this could also interpret that this cycle will continue for generations to come – as these same capitalist views will be carried on by Sheila and Gerald. This idea of cyclic events could have also been used by Priestley to convey a sense of repetition of the same mistakes being made in society at the time. As the play develops Mrs Birling insists on criticising the speech of others which is shown by her disapproval towards Sheila in using the word squiffy – here Mrs Birling is surprised to hear Sheila use such words, stating What an expression, Sheila! Her response to this shows how oblivious she is to everything around her as she genuinely believes that her Sheila is better than this. However she follows this by ,Arthur, what about this toast of yours? she immediately changes the subject here as Eric states, if you think thats the best she can do She refuses to accept anything other than perfection from her children so when she is faced with less than this she dismisses it – which is also the attitude she has towards Eva Smith as she is not at all accepting of her. This shows just how narrow-minded she is which Priestly uses to voice his opinion of capitalism as he feels that all capitalists are reflection of Mrs Birling – narrow minded and arrogant. Mrs Birling is portrayed by Priestly as petty as she refuses Eva Smith help from her charity simply due to the fact that she claimed her name was, Mrs Birling. Here Priestly uses one of the seven deadly sins to describe Mrs Birling – anger. Here she was so consumed by her anger It was simply a piece of gross impertinence, so she used her power as chairmen of the charity to have her case refused. This also portrays one of themes presented through out the play of the power held by the rich over the poor – as here Mrs Birling abuses her position as chairmen of the committee and has Eva Smith turned out simply because of her own personal feelings. This also allows the reader to question why she is even a member of this charity as she does not come across in the slightest way charitable – its almost as though she is a member of this charity so she can look down on others as a source of enjoyment to reinforce her position of power in society. Mrs Birling shows no remorse for her actions – claiming , I consider I did y duty, and Ive done simply nothing wrong, here she refuses to take even the slightest bit of responsibility in the death of Eva Smith which suggests one of the themes used by Priestly of the notion of change in the older and younger generation. Mrs Birling who is part of the older generation is so set in her capitalist ways that she can not see be yond this and so is not capable of taking any responsibility for the actions of another person. This is developed further as we see Mrs Birling, under pressure, trying to shift the blame onto the drunken young idler that her pregnant. Priestley deals with Mrs Birling by having her fall into a trap that she has created for herself as she is confronted with the knowledge that Eric is a hard drinker and the father of the dead woman’s child , I dont believe it. I wont believe it. Here Steinbeck uses italics for the word wont again showing how even after learning that she is to blame for the death of the own grandchild she still wont accept the truth – which highlights the position of society at the time, as Priestly suggests here that society wont change despite the need to – just like Mrs Birling. The way in which Mrs Birling is trapped could also be interpreted as situational irony as the reader knows she would not apply the same standards to her own family as she states the father of Evas child should be dealt with very severely, yet Eric is condemned by her words. At the end of the play we say Mrs Birling unchanged as she learns it was all a hoax she seems relived and amused and cannot see a reason why the family should not carry on as before. At the end of the play Mrs Birlings final line , Theyre over tired. In the morning theyll be as amused as we are. is followed after Sheila and Eric stating that the family cant continue as before but here, as in the beginning of the play, Mrs Birling dismisses it. Priestly did this to emphasise the fact that she is completely unchanged by the inspector and will continue to live her life in this cycle of events as she refuses to make a significant change.

Partisan Demagoguery

The difference between socialism and active state liberalism Socialism is viewed as a complicated system since it entails diverse implications, as far as freedom is concerned. Socialists believe that, the idea of individual freedom is not appropriate because it overlooks many fundamental aspects. Since proponents advocate for freedom that jointly affects the entire community, other factions in the debate may believe that socialists are opposed to freedom.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Partisan Demagoguery specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, liberals believe in individual freedom and, thus, a socialist approach would sound faulty. Socialists assert that the agent, who is also the worker or producer, should not be issued with freedom in isolation. This implies that an individual should not achieve freedom and its relative benefits through the hard work of another person (Ball Dagger, 2009). They should all benefit from their input in a similar fashion. Such factors dictate the need to have an identical magnitude of freedom for everyone. On the other hand, active state liberals embrace a refined approach in the issue of individual liberty. This faction believes that the state might stand out as evil, but its participation guarantees an impartial society. Here, the state can provide conditions that support freedom for all individuals through social initiatives like Medicare. The biggest difference between the two groups is that socialists campaign for total freedom for all people, while active state liberals fail to account for genuine equitability (Ball Dagger, 2009). Social initiatives like Medicare provide favorable conditions for all, but some individuals are charged more than the others. On a basic level, active states tend to formulate these systems because such societies are usually unequal from the very beginning (Stephen, 2008). A socialist society would solve this problem from its roots. The difference between fascism and a minimal State Fascism stands out as a unique ideology that was mainly practiced in Italy. Here, the people are expected to dedicate all their time and resources to the state in a process that would supposedly enhance real freedom. In other words, fascists believe that real freedom can only be achieved in terms of collective endeavors that are embodied in the state. They also believe that an organic perspective of the society is more significant as opposed to atomism and/or individualism. Fascism, as a school of thought, advocates for service to the state, if genuine freedom is to be achieved (Spencer, 1996). It is, however, evident that the state must employ unique measures in a bid to ensure that the people adhere to its stipulations and demands.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Mussol ini’s fascist empire employed propaganda and military conquests in order to control the Italians (Ball Dagger, 2009). Fascism definitely promotes corrupt ideologies that stem from the loopholes created by its constituents. In simpler terms, fascism is a practical depiction of the â€Å"evils† found in any typical state. These are the same â€Å"evils† that minimal state liberals strive to avoid in their various platforms of operation. On the contrary, minimal state liberals possess a different approach to genuine freedom as opposed to the fascists. They also believe that the individual is the most important center of political interest. Therefore, individual freedom stands out as the most significant aspect in any minimal state (Ball Dagger, 2009). Whereas the state remains vibrant in a fascist society, it possesses a limited role in a minimal state. This particular design aims at protecting individual freedoms from an encroachment that could easily be propaga ted by the state. Regardless of the â€Å"evil† label given to the state, some neo-liberals believe that the state is a necessary â€Å"evil† that can be tolerated provided the constitution is fully operational. Reflections on name calling Name calling between active liberals and socialists basically stems from simple misunderstandings. It may arise from ignoring the exploitative nature of active liberalism. This is evidenced in the overcharging of some individuals in a given state, despite providing facilities that seemingly promote collective freedom. The issue of labeling a state as evil leads to the tendency of equating a minimal state to a fascist state. However, the former only depicts the state as â€Å"evil,† while the latter is a typical manifestation of the state’s â€Å"evil† nature. The two indications can easily confuse an individual. References Ball, T. Dagger, R. (2009). Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal. NY: Pearson Lon gman. Spencer D. (1996). Italian Socialism: between Politics and History. Massachusetts, USA: University of Massachusetts Press.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Partisan Demagoguery specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stephen D. (2008). Politics: the basics. New York: Routledge. This critical writing on Partisan Demagoguery was written and submitted by user Nathalie Hawkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Khmer Empire Water Management System

The Khmer Empire Water Management System The Angkor civilization, or Khmer Empire, was a complex state in southeast Asia between AD 800 and 1400. It was remarkable, among other things, because of its extensive water management system stretching across over 1200 square kilometers (460 square miles), which connected the natural lake Tonle Sap to large man-made reservoirs (called baray in Khmer) through a series of canals  and permanently altering the local hydrology. The network allowed Angkor to flourish for six centuries despite the difficulties of maintaining a state-level society in the face of successive dry and monsoon regions. Water Challenges and Benefits Sources of permanent water tapped by the Khmer canal system included lakes, rivers, groundwater, and rainwater. The monsoonal climate of southeast Asia divided the years (and still does) into wet (May-October) and dry (November-April) seasons. Rainfall varies in the region between 1180-1850 millimeters (46-73 inches) per year, mostly in the wet season. The impact of water management at Angkor changed natural catchment boundaries and eventually led to erosion and sedimentation of channels requiring considerable upkeep. Tonle Sap is among the most productive freshwater ecosystems in the world, made so by the regular flooding from the Mekong River. Groundwater in Angkor can today be accessed at ground level during the wet season and 5 meters (16 feet) below ground level during the dry  season. However, local groundwater access varies greatly across the region, with bedrock and soil characteristics at times resulting in a water table as much as 11-12 m (36-40 ft) below the ground surface. Water Systems Water systems were used by the Angkor civilization to cope with the vastly changing water quantities included raising their houses on mounds or stilts, building and excavating small ponds at the household level and larger ones (called trapeang) at the village level. Most trapeang were rectangular and generally aligned east/west: they were associated with and perhaps controlled by the temples. Most temples also had their own moats, which were square or rectangular and oriented in the four cardinal directions. At the city level, large reservoirs- called baray- and linear channels, roads, and embankments were used to manage water  and may have formed an intercommunication network as well. Four major baray are in Angkor today: Indratataka (Baray of Lolei), Yasodharatataka (East Baray), West Baray, and Jayatataka (North Baray). They were very shallow, between 1-2 m (3-7 ft) below ground level, and between 30-40 m (100-130 ft) wide. Baray were built by creating earthen embankments of between 1-2 meters above the ground level and fed by channels from natural rivers. The embankments were often used as roads. Archaeologically-based geographic studies of the current and past systems at Angkor suggests that Angkor engineers created a new permanent catchment area, making three catchment areas where there once was just two. The artificial channel eventually eroded downward and became a river, thereby altering the natural hydrology of the region. Sources Buckley BM, Anchukaitis KJ, Penny D, Fletcher R, Cook ER, Sano M, Nam LC, Wichienkeeo A, Minh TT, and Hong TM. 2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(15):6748-6752. Day MB, Hodell DA, Brenner M, Chapman HJ, Curtis JH, Kenney WF, Kolata AL, and Peterson LC. 2012. Paleoenvironmental history of the West Baray, Angkor (Cambodia). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(4):1046-1051. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111282109 Evans D, Pottier C, Fletcher R, Hensley S, Tapley I, Milne A, and Barbetti M. 2007. A new archaeological map of the world’s largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(36):14277-14282. Kummu M. 2009. Water management in Angkor: Human impacts on hydrology and sediment transportation. Journal of Environmental Management 90(3):1413-1421. Sanderson DCW, Bishop P, Stark M, Alexander S, and Penny D. 2007. Luminescence dating of canal sediments from Angkor Borei, Mekong Delta, Southern Cambodia. ​Quaternary Geochronology 2:322–329.

CHALLENGING THE OBAMA HEALTH CARE LEGISLATION Research Paper

CHALLENGING THE OBAMA HEALTH CARE LEGISLATION - Research Paper Example The Congress (2010) has once declared: â€Å"By most measures, we have the best medical care system in the world† (p. 32). Yet, there are still major problems and critical issue. A significant portion of the population does not have insurance and costs are continuously increasing. Failure to get a health insurance can prevent one from gaining access to preventative care. The uninsured is given treatment when s/he becomes sick, as recognized by the defendants, since health care in the United States is commonly given because of incapacity to afford medical expenses or acquire a health insurance. Yet, the acquired costs to provide medical services to the uninsured are at times remain unpaid. The costs of unpaid health care services are transferred to economic actors in the form of increased premiums and costs, which, consequently, can contribute to the continuity of the cycle and further enlarge the uninsured population (Congress 2010). The Congress approved of the PPACA against these conditions. The petitioners challenge a number of the interconnected parts of the PPACA as well. Primarily, the new Act considerably changes and enlarges the Medicaid plan. Medicaid is a joint federal-state initiative established in 1965 that supports federal subsidy to states that decide to offer health care to vulnerable and poor populations (Congress 2010). PPACA will expand the numbers of new entrants to the Medicaid rosters by widening the initiative to encompass all people under 65 years of age with a specific income percentage of the federal poverty threshold (Health Care Lawsuits 2011). Furthermore, the new Act opens the opportunity for the formation of medical benefit transactions intended to permit start-up or small businesses and individuals to control their purchasing power to acquire viable prices (Bandow 2011). And finally, the new Act obliges that the states give their workers an agreed health insurance coverage minimum level. The petitioners claim that these co nditions infringe state autonomy and the Constitution by forcing and controlling the states and denying them their ‘celebrated ability’ to govern their own Medicaid initiatives, medical care, and state machinery (Bandow 2011). The petitioners expect that these and a variety of other conditions in the PPACA will generate massive costs for Florida (Health Care Lawsuits 2011). Basically, the petitioners argue that the legislation is invasive, domineering, and may drain states’ coffers. When Congress was pressing on the agenda of President Obama to take into the public sector decision making in health care, lawmakers paid insignificant attention to the Constitution. In spite of everything, the tenants of Capitol Hill had become comfortable with proposing any laws they wanted (Bandow 2011). As expected, all of the followers of the president and their colleagues sacked the constitutional cases against the Obamacare law. Yet, the supporters of state-owned health care ar e not happy anymore. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals recently abolished a

The New Supervisor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New Supervisor - Essay Example In case there is a technical problem, he should be in position to understand the problem and work out solutions. The new supervisor must guard against complacency, improper use of time, getting bogged under rules and procedures, and overstress (McNamara, Carter, 2009). In addition, he must possess a robust personality. This means he must possess a distinct attitude that radiates quality, quantity and safety in the work place. It is a measure of confidence that he has in himself and those working under him have in him. He must be able to effectively take charge and carry his team with him to meet targets successfully and regularly. This function may be routine. But sometimes there may be problems. Problems in quality, problem with a particular staff or worker, an accident, and these may require careful handling. The supervisor must be mentally alert to these and other problems that could arise and deal with them effectively. Establishing discipline is the primary responsibility of the new supervisor. This is the first fundamental in the style of the supervisor's operation. However, discipline must not be made a rigid, impersonal taskmaster. Discipline is a factor that has the entire team work for results in a time bound manner. The second fundamental is respect. The supervisor must earn and retain the respect of his entire team. ... Discipline is a factor that has the entire team work for results in a time bound manner. The second fundamental is respect. The supervisor must earn and retain the respect of his entire team. There will be plenty of opportunities to earn respect and the chief tool is attitude. The supervisor's attitude is being watched by his subordinates as well as the higher ups. There is tremendous merit in the strategy of waiting. However, it is not a waiting doing nothing. The supervisor must be master at the art of delegating. Delegation is the third fundamental of supervision. This shows how well the supervisor is acquainted with his team. Delegation involves not only assigning tasks but also quality time spent by the supervisor with each member of his team so that he gets to understand their unique abilities. Motivating is the fourth and final fundamental of the supervisor's style of operation. The speed and efficiency of the team depends on their thoroughness and ability to foreclose deals. A motivated team has its supervisor to thank for. Depending on the attitude and abilities of the supervisor the team scale dizzying heights or perform below par. Dealing with Special Situations Handling a team is not always an easy job. There are various problems to face and overcome. The supervisor must master the art of staying positive in difficult situations. Difficult situations do not always come from external sources. They can happen from within. A team member may hold grudges and this may be cause for the team to perform below its standards. There may be discord among two team members. The supervisor may not be in a position to handle all discords. But he can certainly handle the ones that come in the way of the team's goals. There are challenges in working with other

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Example for Free

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Language and Literacy in Social Practice is one of a set of four readers which looks at literacy and language practices as they are moulded and shaped by the cultures of the societies they serve. Edited by Janet Maybin, the book is a collection of key articles by seminal writers in the field who investigate the role of language and literacy as part of social practice. Broken down into four sections, the book begins with articles by Malinowski, Dell Hymes, Halliday and Volosinov and sets the scene for an anthropoligical/historical exploration of the sophisticated interaction and interrelationships between language, culture and social structure. Section two then provides ethnographic accounts of recent research by researchers like Taylor and Heath who document detailed evidence of literacy practices in a wide range of situations. They show in effect how literacy practices are very much the product of economic, religious, cultural and political processes and in particular the profound effect of differing socio-cultural expectations on the educational experiences and successes of learners at the macro level of the family and the local community. Section three moves away from a local focus to review literacy practices from a cross-cultural and historical perspective drawing on the writings of Street, Graff and Gee to look at literacy and language not so much as competencies and skills but rather as a product shaped by sociocultural parameters and some socioeconomic myths. The final section draws on the cultural and historical perspectives presented thus far and adds the further specific dimension of the political aspects of language planning and teaching to investigate how literacy and language teaching is very much a product of the rhetoric of governments and a tool to control and disposses minorities and to maintain a status quo that is elitist and exclusivist. What then is the value of Maybins book? It certainly doesnt work as a sourcebook or a handbook of how to improve literacy practices in any given situation and nor is it meant to. What it does work as is as a body of readings for reflective practitioners who would like to explore the significance of the crucial place language and literacy teaching holds in most Western societies and to look at the ways in which even the most mundane literacy practices are heavily influenced by discrete parameters of culture, society and history. Its merit lies in the way that it, through historical perspective, social theory and current research, strongly encourages the reader to value what McGinitie has referred to as the power of uncertainty. Language and Literacy in Social Practice forces the reader to consider the complex and interrelated nature of language learning and the nature of literacy acquisition as value laden activity value laden because of the variety of social factors which vie for dominance in the formation and maintenance of a majority Discourse. The structure of the book is logical and easy to follow. For myself, I found the first section to be the least valuable in terms of what it had to offer me, but, given its intention to provide a theory base for the sociological perspective of language as a social semiotic, it achieved its aim adequately. What was much more thought provoking were the articles in section two which detailed the ways in which literate practices were inextricably related to social and cultural practices and values. Of particular value to me as well were the articles by Rockhill on Gender, language and the politics of literacy and Paolo Freire on Adult literacy processes . Language and Literacy in Social Practice is not a book of readings preaching to the converted. Rather it is a thought provoking collection of writings which will encourage the sensitive literacy educator to examine again the values one transmits. Particularly in the culturally plural Australian context, Maybins book provides readings that, while not specific to the Australian context, are nevertheless very easily transferrable in the principles and understandings they embody. So much so that if one were to carefully think through and implement by negotiation the broad principles outlined in the book, Language and Literacy in Social Practice could well serve as a blueprint for a policy framework for literacy education in any society that truly valued its cultural diversity and which was determined to provide the sort of education that would question the status quo. Additionally, it would offer all participants real access to those constructions of empowering literate behaviour that are the staple of the disourse practices and power relationships of everyday life. It is not, I dont believe, overly strong when Rockhill says that the politics of literacy are integral to the cultural genocide of a people . Language and Literacy in Social Practice raises the sorts of issues that will help us re-examine our own personal politics to prevent just that sort of cultural genocide no matter how well intentioned or how genteel our motives. It is a book for all educators, cutting across cultures and specifics, providing a body of thought that, if it doesnt change existing practice, will at the very least strongly encourage a reappraisal of what it is that one actually does in the classroom.

An Analysis Of Media Coverage Of Ebonics: Incorporating Black English I

Introduction The debate on Ebonics has virtually left the media spotlight. The proposal by the Oakland School District in early 1997 to use Ebonics to help African-American children learn Standard English met with much opposition. Few people supported the Oakland resolution which, backed by the Linguistic Society of America, acknowledged Ebonics as a language variety complete with its own syntax, structure, and rules of grammar. The media triggered a dialogue among Americans about the appropriateness of Ebonics in the classroom. "Are you for or against Ebonics?" was a common question many Americans pondered at work, at restaurant lunch counters, and in classrooms across the country. The issue divided Americans, not so much along racial lines, but along lines of understanding. Many people were unclear about the history of Ebonics, the premise and contentions of the Oakland School District's proposal, and the implications of educators beginning to appreciate Ebonics as a distinct language variety. Thus, part of this paper will explore further the educational implications of using Ebonics to improve the literacy of black students. This will be preceded by an analysis of how the New York Times and Los Angeles Times covered the Ebonics issue, and how each (to some extent) helped to legitimize and sustain negative attitudes toward Ebonics. The Meaning of Ebonics The term "Ebonics"was first coined in January, 1973 by Dr. Robert Williams, a professor of Psychology at Washington University. The term, which is a compound of "ebonies" and "phonics"(black sounds) refers to the language of West African, Cameroonian, and U.S. slave descendants of Niger-Congo origins. Some linguists disagree about whether Ebonics, or Black English ... ...tions in English: What Role for Education?"(Opinion/Position Paper, 1991). ED 347796. McWhorter, John. "Wasting Energy on An Illusion." The Black Scholar 27 (1997): 2-5. Oneil, W. "If Ebonics Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?" Rethinking Schools 12.1 (1997): 10-11. "Original Oakland Resolution on Ebonics"( http://linguistlist.org/topics/Ebonics/Ebonics=res1.html). Secret, Carrie. Interview. Rethinking Schools. Fall 1997: 18-19, 34. Smith, E. "What Is Black English? What Is Ebonics?" Rethinking Schools 12.1 (1997): 14-15. Taylor, Hanni. "Ambivalence Toward Black English: Some Tentative Solutions." The Writing Instructor Spring (1991): 121-135. Williams, Patricia. "The Hidden Meanings of Black English." The Black Scholar 27 (1997) 7-8. Winters, Clyde A. "Non-Standard English and Reading"(Opinion/Position Paper, 1993). ED 358438.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 13 Heatsink

AMARYL, YUGO-†¦ A mathematician who, next to Hari Seldon himself, may be considered most responsible for working out the details of psychohistory. It was he who†¦ †¦ Yet the conditions under which he began life are almost more dramatic than his mathematical accomplishments. Born into the hopeless poverty of the lower classes of Dahl, a sector of ancient Trantor, he might have passed his life in utter obscurity were it not for the fact that Seldon, quite by accident, encountered him in the course of†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 61. The Emperor of all the Galaxy felt weary-physically weary. His lips ached from the gracious smile he had had to place on his face at careful intervals. His neck was stiff from having inclined his head this way and that in a feigned show of interest. His ears pained from having to listen. His whole body throbbed from having to rise and to sit and to turn and to hold out his hand and to nod. It was merely a state function where one had to meet Mayors and Viceroys and Ministers and their wives or husbands from here and there in Trantor and (worse) from here and there in the Galaxy. There were nearly a thousand present, all in costumes that varied from the ornate to the downright outlandish, and he had had to listen to a babble of different accents made the worse by an effort to speak the Emperor's Galactic as spoken at the Galactic University. Worst of all, the Emperor had had to remember to avoid making commitments of substance, while freely applying the lotion of words without substan ce. All had been recorded, sight and sound-very discreetly-and Eto Demerzel would go over it to see if Cleon, First of that Name, had behaved himself. That, of course, was only the way that the Emperor put it to himself. Demerzel would surely say that he was merely collecting data on any unintentional self-revelation on the pan of the guests. And perhaps he was. Fortunate Demerzel! The Emperor could not leave the Palace and its extensive grounds, while Demerzel could range the Galaxy if he wished. The Emperor was always on display, always accessible, always forced to deal with visitors, from the important to the merely intrusive. Demerzel remained anonymous and never allowed himself to be seen inside the Palace grounds. He remained merely a fearsome name and an invisible (and therefore the more frightening) presence. The Emperor was the Inside Man with all the trappings and emoluments of power. Demerzel was the Outside Man, with nothing evident, not even a formal title, but with his fingers and mind probing everywhere and asking for no reward for his tireless labors but one-the reality of power. It amused the Emperor-in a macabre sort of way-to consider that, at any moment, without warning, with a manufactured excuse or with none at all, he could have Demerzel arrested, imprisoned, exiled, tortured, or executed. After all, in these annoying centuries of constant unrest, the Emperor might have difficulty in exerting his will over the various planets of the Empire, even over the various sectors of Trantor-with their rabble of local executives and legislatures that he was forced to deal with in a maze of interlocking decrees, protocols, commitments, treaties, and general interstellar legalities-but at least his powers remained absolute over the Palace and its grounds. And yet Cleon knew that his dreams of power were useless. Demerzel had served his father and Cleon could not remember a time when he did not turn to Demerzel for everything. It was Demerzel who knew it all, devised it all, did it all. More than that, it was on Demerzel that anything that went wrong could be blamed . The Emperor himself remained above criticism and had nothing to fear-except, of course, palace coups and assassination by his nearest and dearest. It was to prevent this, above all, that he depended upon Demerzel. Emperor Cleon felt a tiny shudder at the thought of trying to do without Demerzel. There had been Emperors who had ruled personally, who had had a series of Chiefs of Staff of no talent, who had had incompetents serving in the post and had kept them-and somehow they had gotten along for a time and after a fashion. But Cleon could not. He needed Demerzel. In fact, now that the thought of assassination had come to him-and, in view of the modern history of the Empire, it was inevitable that it had come to him-he could see that getting rid of Demerzel was quite impossible. It couldn't be done. No matter how cleverly he, Cleon, would attempt to arrange it, Demerzel (he was sure) would anticipate the move somehow, would know it was on its way, and would arrange, with far superior cleverness, a palace coup. Cleon would be dead before Demerzel could possibly be taken away in chains and there would simply be another Emperor that Demerzel would serve-and dominate. Or would Demerzel tire of the game and make himself Emperor? Never! The habit of anonymity was too strong in him. If Demerzel exposed himself to the world, then his powers, his wisdom, his luck (whatever it was) would surely desert him. Cleon was convinced of that. He felt it to be beyond dispute. So while he behaved himself, Cleon was safe. With no ambitions of his own, Demerzel would serve him faithfully. And now here was Demerzel, dressed so severely and simply that it made Cleon uneasily conscious of the useless ornamentation of his robes of state, now thankfully removed with the aid of two valets. Naturally, it would not be until he was alone and in dishabille that Demerzel would glide into view. â€Å"Demerzel,† said the Emperor of all the Galaxy, â€Å"I am tired!† â€Å"State functions are tiring, Sire,† murmured Demerzel. â€Å"Then must I have them every evening?† â€Å"Not every evening, but they are essential. It gratifies others to see you and to be taken note of by you. It helps keep the Empire running smoothly.† â€Å"The Empire used to be kept running smoothly by power,† said the Emperor somberly. â€Å"Now it must be kept running by a smile, a wave of the hand, a murmured word, and a medal or a plaque.† â€Å"If all that keeps the peace, Sire, there is much to be said for it. And your reign proceeds well.† â€Å"You know why-because I have you at my side. My only real gift is that I am aware of your importance.† He looked at Demerzel slyly. â€Å"My son need not be my heir. He is not a talented boy. What if I make you my heir?† Demerzel said freezingly, â€Å"Sire, that is unthinkable. I would not usurp the throne. I would not steal it from your rightful heir. Besides, if I have displeased you, punish me justly. Surely, nothing I have done or could possibly do deserves the punishment of being made Emperor.† Cleon laughed. â€Å"For that true assessment of the value of the Imperial throne, Demerzel, I abandon any thought of punishing you. Come now, let us talk about something. I would sleep, but I am not yet ready for the ceremonies with which they put me to bed. Let us talk.† â€Å"About what, Sire?† â€Å"About anything.-About that mathematician and his psychohistory. I think about him every once in a while, you know. I thought of him at dinner tonight. I wondered: What if a psychohistorical analysis would predict a method for making it possible to be an Emperor without endless ceremony?† â€Å"I somehow think, Sire, that even the cleverest psychohistorian could not manage that.† â€Å"Well, tell me the latest. Is he still hiding among those peculiar baldheads of Mycogen? You promised you would winkle him out of there.† â€Å"So I did, Sire, and I moved in that direction, but I regret that I must say that I failed.† â€Å"Failed?† The Emperor allowed himself to frown. â€Å"I don't like that.† â€Å"Nor I, Sire. I planned to have the mathematician be encouraged to commit some blasphemous act-such acts are easy to commit in Mycogen, especially for an outsider-one that would call for severe punishment. The mathematician would then be forced to appeal to the Emperor and, as a result, we would get him. I planned it at the cost of insignificant concessions on our part-important to Mycogen, totally unimportant to us-and I meant to play no direct role in the arrangement. It was to be handled subtly.† â€Å"I dare say,† said Cleon, â€Å"but it failed. Did the Mayor of Mycogen â€Å"He is called the High Elder, Sire.† â€Å"Do not quibble over titles. Did this High Elder refuse?† â€Å"On the contrary, Sire, he agreed and the mathematician, Seldon, fell into the trap neatly.† â€Å"Well then?† â€Å"He was allowed to leave unharmed.† â€Å"Why?† said Cleon indignantly. â€Å"Of this I am not certain, Sire, but I suspect we were outbid.† â€Å"By whom? By the Mayor of Wye?† â€Å"Possibly, Sire, but I doubt that. I have Wye under constant surveillance. If they had gained the mathematician, I would know it by now.† The Emperor was not merely frowning. He was clearly enraged. â€Å"Demerzel, this is bad. I am greatly displeased. A failure like this makes me wonder if you are perhaps not the man you once were. What measures shall we take against Mycogen for this clear defiance of the Emperor's wishes?† Demerzel bowed low in recognition of the storm unleashed, but he said in steely tones, â€Å"It would be a mistake to move against Mycogen now, Sire. The disruption that would follow would play into the hands of Wye.† â€Å"But we must do something.† â€Å"Perhaps not, Sire. It is not as bad as it may seem.† â€Å"How can it be not as bad as it seems?† â€Å"You'll remember, Sire, that this mathematician was convinced that psychohistory was impractical.† â€Å"Of course I remember that, but that doesn't matter, does it? For our purposes?† â€Å"Perhaps not. But if it were to become practical, it would serve our purposes to an infinitely great extent, Sire. And from what I have been able to find out, the mathematician is now attempting to make psychohistory practical. His blasphemous attempt in Mycogen was, I understand, part of an attempt at solving the problem of psychohistory. In that case, it may pay us, Sire, to leave him to himself. It will serve us better to pick him up when he is closer to his goal or has reached it.† â€Å"Not if Wye gets him first.† â€Å"That, I shall see to it, will not happen.† â€Å"In the same way that you succeeded in winkling the mathematician out of Mycogen just now?† â€Å"I will not make a mistake the next time, Sire,† said Demerzel coldly. The Emperor said, â€Å"Demerzel, you had better not. I will not tolerate another mistake in this respect.† And then he added pettishly, â€Å"I think I shall not sleep tonight after all.† 62. Jirad Tisalver of the Dahl Sector was short. The top of his head came up only to Hari Seldon's nose. He did not seem to take that to heart, however. He had handsome, even features, was given to smiling, and sported a thick black mustache and crisply curling black hair. He lived, with his wife and a half-grown daughter, in an apartment of seven small rooms, kept meticulously clean, but almost bare of furnishings. Tisalver said, â€Å"I apologize, Master Seldon and Mistress Venabili, that I cannot give you the luxury to which you must be accustomed, but Dahl is a poor sector and I am not even among the better-off among our people.† â€Å"The more reason,† responded Seldon, â€Å"that we must apologize to you for placing the burden of our presence upon you.† â€Å"No burden, Master Seldon. Master Hummin has arranged to pay us generously for your use of our humble quarters and the credits would be welcome even if you were not-and you are.† Seldon remembered Hummin's parting words when they finally arrived in Dahl. â€Å"Seldon† he had said, â€Å"this is the third place I've arranged as sanctuary. The first two were notoriously beyond the reach of the Imperium, which might well have served to attract their attention; after all, they were logical places for you. This one is different. It is poor, unremarkable, and, as a matter of fact, unsafe in some ways. It is not a natural refuge for you, so that the Emperor and his Chief of Staff may not think to turn their eyes in this direction. Would you mind staying out of trouble this time, then?† â€Å"I will try, Hummin,† said Seldon, a little offended. â€Å"Please be aware that the trouble is not of my seeking. I am trying to learn what may well take me thirty lifetimes to learn if I am to have the slightest chance of organizing psychohistory.† â€Å"I understand,† said Hummin. â€Å"Your efforts at learning brought you to Upperside in Streeling and to the Elders' aerie in Mycogen and to who can guess where in Dahl. As for you, Dr. Venabili, I know you've been trying to take care of Seldon, but you must try harder. Get it fixed in your head that he is the most important person on Trantor-or in the Galaxy, for that matter-and that he must be kept secure at any cost.† â€Å"I will continue to do my best,† said Dors stiffly. â€Å"And as for your host family, they have their peculiarities, but they are essentially good people with whom I have dealt before. Try not to get them in trouble either.† But Tisalver, at least, did not seem to anticipate trouble of any kind from his new tenants and his expressed pleasure at the company he now had-quite apart from the rent credits he would be getting-seemed quite sincere. He had never been outside Dahl and his appetite for tales of distant places was enormous. His wife too, bowing and smiling, would listen and their daughter, with a finger in her mouth, would allow one eye to peep from behind the door. It was usually after dinner, when the entire family assembled, that Seldon and Dors were expected to talk of the outside world. The food was plentiful enough, but it was bland and often tough. So soon after the tangy food of Mycogen, it was all but inedible. The â€Å"table† was a long shelf against one wall and they ate standing up. Gentle questioning by Seldon elicited the fact that this was the usual situation among Dahlites as a whole and was not due to unusual poverty. Of course, Mistress Tisalver explained, there were those with high government jobs in Dahl who were prone to adopt all kinds of effete customs like chairs-she called them â€Å"body shelves†-but this was looked down upon by the solid middle class. Much as they disapproved of unnecessary luxury, though, the Tisalvers loved hearing about it, listening with a virtual storm of tongue-clicking when told of mattresses lifted on legs, of ornate chests and wardrobes, and of a superfluity of tableware. They listened also to a description of Mycogenian customs, while Jirad Tisalver stroked his own hair complacently and made it quite obvious that he would as soon think of emasculation as of depilation. Mistress Tisalver was furious at any mention of female subservience and flatly refused to believe that the Sisters accepted it tranquilly. They seized most, however, on Seldon's. casual reference to the Imperial grounds. When, upon questioning, it turned out that Seldon had actually seen and spoken to the Emperor, a blanket of awe enveloped the family. It took a while before they dared ask questions and Seldon found that he could not satisfy them. He had not, after all, seen much of the grounds and even less of the Palace interior. That disappointed the Tisalvers and they were unremitting in their attempts to elicit more. And, having heard of Seldon's Imperial adventure, they found it hard to believe Dors's assertion that, for her part, she had never been anywhere in the Imperial grounds. Most of all, they rejected Seldon's casual comment that the Emperor had talked and behaved very much as any ordinary human being would. That seemed utterly impossible to the Tisalvers. After three evenings of this, Seldon found himself tiring. He had, at first, welcomed the chance to do nothing for a while (during the day, at least) but view some of the history book-films that Dors recommended. The Tisalvers turned over their book-viewer to their guests during the day with good grace, though the little girl seemed unhappy and was sent over to a neighbor's apartment to use theirs for her homework. â€Å"It doesn't help,† Seldon said restlessly in the security of his room after he had piped in some music to discourage eavesdropping. â€Å"I can see your fascination with history, but it's all endless detail. It's a mountainous heap-no, a Galactic heap-of data in which I can't see the basic organization.† â€Å"I dare say,† said Dors, â€Å"that there must have been a time when human beings saw no organization in the stars in the sky, but eventually they discovered the Galactic structure.† â€Å"And I'm sure that took generations, not weeks. There must have been a time when physics seemed a mass of unrelated observations before the central natural laws were discovered and that took generations.-And what of the Tisalvers?† â€Å"What of them? I think they're being very nice.† â€Å"They're curious.† â€Å"Of course they are. Wouldn't you be if you were in their place?† â€Å"But is it just curiosity? They seem to be ferociously interested in my meeting with the Emperor.† Dors seemed impatient. â€Å"Again†¦ its only natural. Wouldn't you be-if the situation was reversed?† â€Å"It makes me nervous.† â€Å"Hummin brought us here.† â€Å"Yes, but he's not perfect. He brought me to the University and I was maneuvered Upperside. He brought us to Sunmaster Fourteen, who entrapped us. You know he did. Twice bitten, at least once shy. I'm tired of being questioned.† â€Å"Then turn the tables, Hari. Aren't you interested in Dahl?† â€Å"Of course. What do you know about it to begin with?† â€Å"Nothing. It's just one of more than eight hundred sectors and I've only been on Trantor a little over two years.† â€Å"Exactly. And there are twenty-five million other worlds and I've been on this problem only a little over two months.-I tell you. I want to go back to Helicon and take up a study of the mathematics of turbulence, which was my Ph.D. problem, and forget I ever saw-or thought I saw-that turbulence gave an insight into human society.† But that evening he said to Tisalver, â€Å"But you know, Master Tisalver, you've never told me what you do, the nature of your work.† â€Å"Me?† Tisalver placed his fingers on his chest, which was covered by the simple white T-shirt with nothing underneath, which seemed to be the standard male uniform in Dahl. â€Å"Nothing much. I work at the local holovision station in programming. It's very dull, but it's a living.† â€Å"And it's respectable,† said Mistress Tisalver. â€Å"It means he doesn't have to work in the heatsinks.† â€Å"The heatsinks?† said Dors, lifting her light eyebrows and managing to look fascinated. â€Å"Oh well,† said Tisalver, â€Å"that's what Dahl is best known for. It isn't much, but forty billion people on Trantor need energy and we supply a lot of it. We don't get appreciated, but I'd like to see some of the fancy sectors do without it.† Seldon looked confused. â€Å"Doesn't Trantor get its energy from solar power stations in orbit?† â€Å"Some,† said Tisalver, â€Å"and some from nuclear fusion stations out on the islands and some from microfusion motors and some from wind stations Upperside, but half†-he raised a finger in emphasis and his face looked unusually grave-â€Å"half comes from the heatsinks. There are heatsinks in lots of places, but none-none-as rich as those in Dahl. Are you serious that you don't know about the heatsinks? You sit there and stare at me.† Dors said quickly, â€Å"We are Outworlders, you know.† (She had almost said ‘tribespeople,' but had caught herself in time.) â€Å"Especially Dr. Seldon. He's only been on Trantor a couple of months.† â€Å"Really?† said Mistress Tisalver. She was a trifle shorter than her husband, was plump without quite being fat, had her dark hair drawn tightly back into a bun, and possessed rather beautiful dark eyes. Like her husband, she appeared to be in her thirties. (After a period in Mycogen, not actually long in duration but intense, it struck Dors as odd to have a woman enter the conversation at will. How quickly modes and manners establish themselves, she thought, and made a mental note to mention that to Seldon-one more item for his psychohistory.) â€Å"Oh yes,† she said. â€Å"Dr. Seldon is from Helicon.† Mistress Tisalver registered polite ignorance. â€Å"And where might that be?† Dors said, â€Å"Why, it's-† She turned to Seldon. â€Å"Where is it, Hari?† Seldon looked abashed. â€Å"To tell you the truth, I don't think I could locate it very easily on a Galactic model without looking up the coordinates. All I can say is that it's on the other side of the central black hole from Trantor and getting there by hypership is rather a chore.† Mistress Tisalver said, â€Å"I don't think Jirad and I will ever be on a hypership.† â€Å"Someday, Casilia,† said Tisalver cheerfully, â€Å"maybe we will. But tell us about Helicon, Master Seldon.† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"To me that would be dull. Its just a world, like any other. Only Trantor is different from all the rest. There are no heatsinks on Helicon-or probably anywhere else-except Trantor. Tell me about them.† (â€Å"Only Trantor is different from all the rest.† The sentence repeated itself in Seldon's mind and for a moment he grasped at it, and for some reason Dors's hand-on-thigh story suddenly recurred to him, but Tisalver was speaking and it passed out of Seldon's mind as quickly as it had entered.) Tisalver said, â€Å"If you really want to know about heatsinks, I can show you.† He turned to his wife. â€Å"Casilia, would you mind if tomorrow evening I take Master Seldon to the heatsinks.† â€Å"And me,† said Dors quickly. â€Å"And Mistress Venabili?† Mistress Tisalver frowned and said sharply, â€Å"I don't think it would be a good idea. Our visitors would find it dull.† â€Å"I don't think so, Mistress Tisalver,† said Seldon ingratiatingly. â€Å"We would very much like to see the heatsinks. We would be delighted if you would join us too†¦ and your little daughter-if she wants to come.† â€Å"To the heatsinks?† said Mistress Tisalver, stiffening. â€Å"It's no place at all for a decent woman.† Seldon felt embarrassed at his gaffe. â€Å"I meant no harm, Mistress Tisalver.† â€Å"No offense,† said Tisalver. â€Å"Casilia thinks it's beneath us and so it is, but as long as I don't work there, it's no distress merely to visit and show it to guests. But it is uncomfortable and I would never get Casilia to dress properly.† They got up from their crouching positions. Dahlite â€Å"chairs† were merely molded plastic seats on small wheels and they cramped Seldon's knees terribly and seemed to wiggle at his least body movement. The Tisalvers, however, had mastered the art of sitting firmly and rose without trouble and without needing to use their arms for help as Seldon had to. Dors also got up without trouble and Seldon once again marveled at her natural grace. Before they parted to their separate rooms for the night, Seldon said to Dors, â€Å"Are you sure you know nothing about heatsinks? Mistress Tisalver makes them seem unpleasant.† â€Å"They can't be that unpleasant or Tisalver wouldn't suggest taking us on tour. Let's be content to be surprised.† 63. Tisalver said, â€Å"You'll need proper clothing.† Mistress Tisalver sniffed markedly in the background. Cautiously, Seldon, thinking of kirtles with vague distress, said, â€Å"What do you mean by proper clothing?† â€Å"Something light, such as I wear. A T-shirt, very short sleeves, loose slacks, loose underpants, foot socks, open sandals. I have it all for you.† â€Å"Good. It doesn't sound bad.† â€Å"As for Mistress Venabili, I have the same. I hope it fits.† The clothes Tisalver supplied each of them (which were his own) fit fine-if a bit snugly. When they were ready, they bade Mistress Tisalver good-bye and she, with a resigned if still disapproving air, watched them from the doorway as they set off. It was early evening and there was an attractive twilight glow above. It was clear that Dahl's lights would soon be winking on. The temperature was mild and there were virtually no vehicles to be seen; everyone was walking. In the distance was the ever-present hum of an Expressway and the occasional glitter of its lights could be easily seen. The Dahlites, Seldon noted, did not seem to be walking toward any particular destination. Rather, there seemed to be a promenade going on, a walking for pleasure. Perhaps, if Dahl was an impoverished sector, as Tisalver had implied, inexpensive entertainment was at a premium and what was as pleasant-and as inexpensive-as an evening stroll? Seldon felt himself easing automatically into the gait of an aimless stroll himself and felt the warmth of friendliness all around him. People greeted each other as they passed and exchanged a few words. Black mustaches of different shape and thickness flashed everywhere and seemed a requisite for the Dahlite male, as ubiquitous as the bald heads of the Mycogenian Brothers. It was an evening rite, a way of making sure that another day had passed safely and that one's friends were still well and happy. And, it soon became apparent, Dors caught every eye. In the twilight glow, the ruddiness of her hair had deepened, but it stood out against the sea of black-haired heads (except for the occasional gray) like a gold coin winking its way across a pile of coal. â€Å"This is very pleasant,† said Seldon. â€Å"It is,† said Tisalver. â€Å"Ordinarily, I'd be walking with my wife and she'd be in her element. There is no one for a kilometer around whom she doesn't know by name, occupation, and interrelationships. I can't do that. Right now, half the people who greet me†¦ I couldn't tell you their names. But, in any case, we mustn't creep along too slowly. We must get to the elevator. It's a busy world on the lower levels.† They were on the elevator going down when Dors said, â€Å"I presume, Master Tisalver, that the heatsinks are places where the internal heat of Trantor is being used to produce steam that will turn turbines and produce electricity.† â€Å"Oh, no. Highly efficient large-scale thermopiles produce electricity directly. Don't ask me the details, please. I'm just a holovision programmer. In fact, don't ask anyone the details down there. The whole thing is one big black box. It works, but no one knows how.† â€Å"What if something goes wrong?† â€Å"It doesn't usually, but if it does, some expert comes over from somewhere. Someone who understands computers. The whole thing is highly computerized, of course.† The elevator came to a halt and they stepped out. A blast of heat struck them. â€Å"It's hot,† said Seldon quite unnecessarily. â€Å"Yes, it is,† said Tisalver. â€Å"That's what makes Dahl so valuable as an energy source. The magma layer is nearer the surface here than it is anywhere else in the world. So you have to work in the heat.† â€Å"How about air-conditioning?† said Dors. â€Å"There is air-conditioning, but it's a matter of expense. We ventilate and dehumidify and cool, but if we go too far, then we're using up too much energy and the whole process becomes too expensive.† Tisalver stopped at a door at which he signaled. It opened to a blast of cooler air and he muttered, â€Å"We ought to be able to get someone to help show us around and he'll control the remarks that Mistress Venabili will otherwise be the victim of†¦ at least from the men.† â€Å"Remarks won't embarrass me,† said Dors. â€Å"They will embarrass me,† said Tisalver. A young man walked out of the office and introduced himself as Hano Linder. He resembled Tisalver quite closely, but Seldon decided that until he got used to the almost universal shortness, swarthiness, black hair, and luxuriant mustaches, he would not be able to see individual differences easily. Lindor said, â€Å"I'll be glad to show you around for what there is to see. It's not one of your spectaculars, you know.† He addressed them all, but his eyes were fixed on Dors. He said, â€Å"It's not going to be comfortable. I suggest we remove our shirts.† â€Å"It's nice and cool in here,† said Seldon. â€Å"Of course, but that's because we're executives. Rank has its privileges. Out there we can't maintain air-conditioning at this level. That's why they get paid more than I do. In fact, those are the best-paying jobs in Dahl, which is the only reason we get people to work down here. Even so, it's getting harder to get heatsinkers all the time.† He took a deep breath. â€Å"Okay, out into the soup.† He removed his own shirt and tucked it into his waistband. Tisalver did the same and Seldon followed suit. Linder glanced at Dors and said, â€Å"For your own comfort, Mistress, but it's not compulsory.† â€Å"That's all right,† said Dors and removed her shirt. Her brassiere was white, unpadded, and showed considerable cleavage. â€Å"Mistress,† said Lindor, â€Å"That's not-† He thought a moment, then shrugged and said, â€Å"All right. We'll get by.† At first, Seldon was aware only of computers and machinery, huge pipes, flickering lights, and flashing screens. The overall light was comparatively dim, though individual sections of machinery were illuminated. Seldon looked up into the almost-darkness. He said, â€Å"Why isn't it better lit?† â€Å"It's lit well enough†¦ where it should be,† said Lindor. His voice was well modulated and he spoke quickly, but a little harshly. â€Å"Overall illumination is kept low for psychological reasons. Too bright is translated, in the mind, into heat. Complaints go up when we turn up the lights, even when the temperature is made to go down.† Dors said, â€Å"It seems to be well computerized. I should think the operations could be turned over to computers altogether. This sort of environment is made for artificial intelligence.† â€Å"Perfectly right,† said Lindor, â€Å"but neither can we take a chance on any failures. We need people on the spot if anything goes wrong. A malfunctioning computer can raise problems up to two thousand kilometers away.† â€Å"So can human error. Isn't that so?† said Seldon. â€Å"Oh. yes, but with both people and computers on the job, computer error can be more quickly tracked down and corrected by people and, conversely, human error can be more quickly corrected by computers. What it amounts to is that nothing serious can happen unless human error and computer error take place simultaneously. And that hardly ever happens.† â€Å"Hardly ever, but not never, eh?† said Seldon. â€Å"Almost never, but not never. Computers aren't what they used to be and neither are people.† â€Å"That's the way it always seems,† said Seldon, laughing slightly. â€Å"No, no. I'm not talking memory. I'm not talking good old days. I'm talking statistics.† At this, Seldon recalled Hummin talking of the degeneration of the times. â€Å"See what I mean?† said Lindor, his voice dropping. â€Å"There's a bunch of people, at the C-3 level from the looks of them, drinking. Not one of them is at his or her post.† â€Å"What are they drinking?† asked Dors. â€Å"Special fluids for replacing electrolyte loss. Fruit juice.† â€Å"You can't blame them, can you?† said Dors indignantly. â€Å"In this dry heat, you would have to drink.† â€Å"Do you know how long a skilled C-3 can spin out a drink? And there's nothing to be done about it either. If we give them five-minute breaks for drinks and stagger them so they don't all congregate in a group, you simply stir up a rebellion.† They were approaching the group now. There were men and women (Dahl seemed to be a more or less amphisexual society) and both sexes were shirtless. The women wore devices that might be called brassieres, but they were strictly functional. They served to lift the breasts in order to improve ventilation and limit perspiration, but covered nothing. Dors said in an aside to Seldon, â€Å"That makes sense, Hari. I'm soaking wet there.† â€Å"Take off your brassiere, then,† said Seldon. â€Å"I won't lift a finger to stop you.† â€Å"Somehow,† said Dors, â€Å"I guessed you wouldn't.† She left her brassiere where it was. They were approaching the congregation of people-about a dozen of them. Dors said, â€Å"If any of them make rude remarks, I shall survive.† â€Å"Thank you,† said Lindor. â€Å"I cannot promise they won't.-But I'll have to introduce you. If they get the idea that you two are inspectors and in my company, they'll become unruly. Inspectors are supposed to poke around on their own without anyone from management overseeing them.† He held up his arms. â€Å"Heatsinkers, I have two introductions to make. We have visitors from outside-two Outworlders, two scholars. They've got worlds running short on energy and they've come here to see how we do it here in Dahl. They think they may learn something.† â€Å"They'll learn how to sweat!† shouted a heatsinker and there was raucous laughter. â€Å"She's got a sweaty chest right now,† shouted a woman, â€Å"covering up like that.† Dors shouted back, â€Å"I'd take it off, but mine can't compete with yours.† The laughter turned good-natured. But one young man stepped forward, staring at Seldon with intense deep-set eyes, his face set into a humorless mask. He said, â€Å"I know you. You're the mathematician.† He ran forward, inspecting Seldon's face with eager solemnity. Automatically, Dors stepped in front of Seldon and Lindor stepped in front of her, shouting, â€Å"Back, heatsinker. Mind your manners.† Seldon said, â€Å"Wait! Let him talk to me. Why is everyone piling in front of me?† Lindor said in a low voice, â€Å"If any of them get close, you'll find they don't smell like hothouse flowers.† â€Å"I'll endure it,† said Seldon brusquely. â€Å"Young man, what is it you want?† â€Å"My name is Amaryl. Yugo Amaryl. I've seen you on holovision.† â€Å"You might have, but what about it?† â€Å"I don't remember your name.† â€Å"You don't have to.† â€Å"You talked about something called psychohistory.† â€Å"You don't know how I wish I hadn't.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Nothing. What is it you want?† â€Å"I want to talk to you. Just for a little while. Now.† Seldon looked at Lindor, who shook his head firmly. â€Å"Not while he's on his shift.† â€Å"When does your shift begin, Mr. Amaryl?† asked Seldon. â€Å"Sixteen hundred.† â€Å"Can you see me tomorrow at fourteen hundred?† â€Å"Sure. Where?† Seldon turned to Tisalver. Would you permit me to see him in your place?† Tisalver looked very unhappy. â€Å"Its not necessary. He's just a heatsinker.† Seldon said, â€Å"He recognized my face. He knows something about me. He can't be just an anything. I'll see him in my room.† And then, as Tisalver's face didn't soften, he added, â€Å"My room, for which rent is being paid. And you'll be at work, out of the apartment.† Tisalver said in a low voice, â€Å"It's not me, Master Seldon. It's my wife, Casilia. She won't stand for it.† â€Å"I'll talk to her,† said Seldon grimly. â€Å"She'll have to.† 64. Casilia Tisalver opened her eyes wide. â€Å"A heatsinker? Not in my apartment.† â€Å"Why not? Besides, he'll be coming to my room,† said Seldon. â€Å"At fourteen hundred.† â€Å"I won't have it,† said Mistress Tisalver. â€Å"This is what comes of going down to the heatsinks. Jirad was a fool.† â€Å"Not at all, Mistress Tisalver. We went at my request and I was fascinated. I must see this young man, since that is necessary to my scholarly work.† â€Å"I'm sorry if it is, but I won't have it.† Dors Venabili raised her hand. â€Å"Hari, let me take care of this. Mistress Tisalver, if Dr. Seldon must see someone in his room this afternoon, the additional person naturally means additional rent. We understand that. For today, then, the rent on Dr. Seldon's room will be doubled.† Mistress Tisalver thought about it. â€Å"Well, that's decent of you, but it's not only the credits. There's the neighbors to think of. A sweaty, smelly heatsinker-â€Å" â€Å"I doubt that he'll be sweaty and smelly at fourteen hundred, Mistress Tisalver, but let me go on. Since Dr. Seldon must see him, then if he can't see him here, he'll have to see him elsewhere, but we can't run here and there. That would be too inconvenient. Therefore, what we will have to do is to get a room elsewhere. It won't be easy and we don't want to do it, but we will have to. So we will pay the rent through today and leave and of course we will have to explain to Master Hummin why we have had to change the arrangements that he so kindly made for us.† â€Å"Wait.† Mistress Tisalver's face became a study of calculation. â€Å"We wouldn't like to disoblige Master Hummin†¦ or you two. How long would this creature have to stay?† â€Å"He's coming at fourteen hundred. He must be at work at sixteen hundred. He will be here for less than two hours, perhaps considerably less. We will meet him outside, the two of us, and bring him to Dr. Seldon's room. Any neighbors who see us will think he is an Outworlder friend of ours.† Mistress Tisalver nodded her head. â€Å"Then let it be as you say. Double rent for Master Seldon's room for today and the heatsinker will visit just this one time.† â€Å"Just this one time,† said Dors. But later, when Seldon and Dors were sitting in her room, Dors said, â€Å"Why do you have to see him, Hari? Is interviewing a heatsinker important to psychohistory too?† Seldon thought he detected a small edge of sarcasm in her voice and he said tartly, â€Å"I don't have to base everything on this huge project of mine, in which I have very little faith anyway. I am also a human being with human curiosities. We were down in the heatsinks for hours and you saw what the working people there were like. They were obviously uneducated. They were low-level individuals-no play on words intended-and yet here was one who recognized me. He must have seen me on holovision on the occasion of the Decennial Convention and he remembered the word ‘psychohistory.' He strikes me as unusual-as out of place somehow-and I would like to talk to him.† â€Å"Because it pleases your vanity to have become known even to heatsinkers in Dahl?† â€Å"Well†¦ perhaps. But it also piques my curiosity.† â€Å"And how do you know he hasn't been briefed and intends to lead you into trouble as has happened before.† Seldon winced. â€Å"I won't let him run his fingers through my hair. In any case, we're more nearly prepared now, aren't we? And I'm sure you'll be with me. I mean, you let me go Upperside alone, you let me go with Raindrop Forty-Three to the microfarms alone, and you're not going to do that again, are you?† â€Å"You can be absolutely sure I won't,† said Dors. â€Å"Well then, I'll talk to the young man and you can watch out for traps. I have every faith in you.† 65. Amaryl arrived a few minutes before 1400, looking warily about. His hair was neat and his thick mustache was combed and turned up slightly at the edges. His T-shirt was startlingly white. He did smell, but it was a fruity odor that undoubtedly came from the slightly overenthusiastic use of scent. He had a bag with him. Seldon, who had been waiting outside for him, seized one elbow lightly, while Dors seized the other, and they moved rapidly into the elevator. Having reached the correct level, they passed through the apartment into Seldon's room. Amaryl said in a low hangdog voice, â€Å"Nobody home, huh?† â€Å"Everyone's busy,† said Seldon neutrally. He indicated the only chair in the room, a pad directly on the floor. â€Å"No,† said Amaryl. â€Å"I don't need that. One of you two use it.† He squatted on the floor with a graceful downward motion. Dors imitated the movement, sitting on the edge of Seldon's floor-based mattress, but Seldon dropped down rather clumsily, having to make use of his hands and unable, quite, to find a comfortable position for his legs. Seldon said, â€Å"Well, young man, why do you want to see me?† â€Å"Because you're a mathematician. You're the first mathematician I ever saw-close up-so I could touch him, you know.† â€Å"Mathematicians feel like anyone else.† â€Å"Not to me, Dr†¦ Dr†¦ Seldon?† â€Å"That's my name.† Amaryl looked pleased. â€Å"I finally remembered.-You see, I want to be a mathematician too.† â€Å"Very good. What's stopping you?† Amaryl suddenly frowned. â€Å"Are you serious?† â€Å"I presume something is stopping you. Yes, I'm serious.† â€Å"What's stopping me is I'm a Dahlite, a heatsinker on Dahl. I don't have the money to get an education and I can't get the credits to get an education. A real education, I mean. All they taught me was to read and cipher and use a computer and then I knew enough to be a heatsinker. But I wanted more. So I taught myself.† â€Å"In some ways, that's the best kind of teaching. How did you do that?† â€Å"I knew a librarian. She was willing to help me. She was a very nice woman and she showed me how to use computers for learning mathematics. And she set up a software system that would connect me with other libraries. I'd come on my days off and on mornings after my shift. Sometimes she'd lock me in her private room so I wouldn't be bothered by people coming in or she would let me in when the library was closed. She didn't know mathematics herself, but she helped me all she could. She was oldish, a widow lady. Maybe she thought of me as a kind of son or something. She didn't have children of her own.† (Maybe, thought Seldon briefly, there was some other emotion involved too, but he put the thought away. None of his business.) â€Å"I liked number theory,† said Amaryl. â€Å"I worked some things out from what I learned from the computer and from the book-films it used to teach me mathematics. I came up with some new things that weren't in the book-films.† Seldon raised his eyebrows. â€Å"That's interesting. Like what?† â€Å"I've brought some of them to you. I've never showed them to anyone. The people around me-† He shrugged. â€Å"They'd either laugh or be annoyed. Once I tried to tell a girl I knew, but she just said I was weird and wouldn't see me anymore. Is it all right for me to show them to you?† â€Å"Quite all right. Believe me.† Seldon held out his hand and after a brief hesitation, Amaryl handed him the bag he was carrying. For a long time, Seldon looked over Amaryl's papers. The work was naive in the extreme, but he allowed no smile to cross his face. He followed the demonstrations, not one of which was new, of course-or even nearly new-or of any importance. But that didn't matter. Seldon looked up. â€Å"Did you do all of this yourself?† Amaryl, looking more than half-frightened, nodded his head. Seldon extracted several sheets. â€Å"What made you think of this?† His finger ran down a line of mathematical reasoning. Amaryl looked it over, frowned, and thought about it. Then he explained his line of thinking. Seldon listened and said, â€Å"Did you ever read a book by Anat Bigell?† â€Å"On number theory?† â€Å"The title was Mathematical Deduction. It wasn't about number theory, particularly.† Amaryl shook his head. â€Å"I never heard of him. I'm sorry.† â€Å"He worked out this theorem of yours three hundred years ago.' Amaryl looked stricken. â€Å"I didn't know that.† â€Å"I'm sure you didn't. You did it more cleverly, though. It's not rigorous, but-â€Å" â€Å"What do you mean, ‘rigorous'?† â€Å"It doesn't matter.† Seldon put the papers back together in a sheaf, restored it to the bag, and said, â€Å"Make several copies of all this. Take one copy, have it dated by an official computer, and place it under computerized seal. My friend here, Mistress Venabili, can get you into Streeling University without tuition on some sort of scholarship. You'll have to start at the beginning and take courses in other subjects than mathematics, but-â€Å" By now Amaryl had caught his breath. â€Å"Into Streeling University? They won't take me.† â€Å"Why not? Dors, you can arrange it, can't you?† â€Å"I'm sure I can.† â€Å"No, you can't,† said Amaryl hotly. â€Å"They won't take me. I'm from Dahl.† â€Å"Well?† â€Å"They won't take people from Dahl.† Seldon looked at Dors. â€Å"What's he talking about?† Dors shook her head. â€Å"I really don't know.† Amaryl said, â€Å"You're an Outworlder, Mistress. How long have you been at Streeling?† â€Å"A little over two years, Mr. Amaryl.† â€Å"Have you ever seen Dahlites there-short, curly black hair, big mustaches?† â€Å"There are students with all kinds of appearances.† â€Å"But no Dahlites. Look again the next time you're there.† â€Å"Why not?† said Seldon. â€Å"They don't like us. We look different. They don't like our mustaches.† â€Å"You can shave your-† but Seldon's voice died under the other's furious glance. â€Å"Never. Why should I? My mustache is my manhood.† â€Å"You shave your beard. That's your manhood too.† â€Å"To my people it is the mustache.† Seldon looked at Dors again and murmured, â€Å"Bald heads, mustaches†¦ madness.† â€Å"What?† said Amaryl angrily. â€Å"Nothing. Tell me what else they don't like about Dahlites.† â€Å"They make up things not to like. They say we smell. They say we're dirty. They say we steal. They say we're violent. They say we're dumb.† â€Å"Why do they say all this?† â€Å"Because its easy to say it and it makes them feel good. Sure, if we work in the heatsinks, we get dirty and smelly. If we're poor and held down, some of us steal and get violent. But that isn't the way it is with all of us. How about those tall yellow-hairs in the Imperial Sector who think they own the Galaxy-no, they do own the Galaxy. Don't they ever get violent? Don't they steal sometimes? If they did my job, they'd smell the way I do. If they had to live the way I have to, they'd get dirty too.† â€Å"Who denies that there are people of all kinds in all places?† said Seldon. â€Å"No one argues the matter! They just take it for granted. Master Seldon, I've got to get away from Trantor. I have no chance on Trantor, no way of earning credits, no way of getting an education, no way of becoming a mathematician, no way of becoming any thing but what they say I am†¦ a worthless nothing.† This last was said in frustration-and desperation. Seldon tried to be reasonable. â€Å"The person I'm renting this room from is a Dahlite. He has a clean job. He's educated.† â€Å"Oh sure,† said Amaryl passionately. â€Å"There are some. They let a few do it so that they can say it can be done. And those few can live nicely as long as they stay in Dahl. Let them go outside and they'll see how they're treated. And while they're in here they make themselves feel good by treating the rest of us like dirt. That makes them yellow-hairs in their own eyes. What did this nice person you're renting this room from say when you told him you were bringing in a heatsinker? What did he say I would be like? They're gone now†¦ wouldn't be in the same place with me.† Seldon moistened his lips. â€Å"I won't forget you. I'll see to it that you'll get off Trantor and into my own University in Helicon-once I'm back there myself.† â€Å"Do you promise that? Your word of honor? Even though I'm a Dahlite?† â€Å"The fact that you're a Dahlite is unimportant to me. The fact that you are already a mathematician is! But I still can't quite grasp what you're telling me. I find it impossible to believe that there would be such unreasoning feeling against harmless people.† Amaryl said bitterly, â€Å"That's because you've never had any occasion to interest yourself in such things. It can all pass right under your nose and you wouldn't smell a thing because it doesn't affect you. † Dors said, â€Å"Mr. Amaryl, Dr. Seldon is a mathematician like you and his head can sometimes be in the clouds. You must understand that. I am a historian, however. I know that it isn't unusual to have one group of people look down upon another group. There are peculiar and almost ritualistic hatreds that have no rational justification and that can have their serious historical influence. It's too bad.† Amaryl said, â€Å"Saying something is ‘too bad' is easy. You say you disapprove, which makes you a nice person, and then you can go about your own business and not be interested anymore. It's a lot worse than ‘too bad.' It's against everything decent and natural. We're all of us the same, yellow-hairs and black-hairs, tall and short, Easterners, Westerners, Southerners, and Outworlders. We're all of us, you and I and even the Emperor, descended from the people of Earth, aren't we?† â€Å"Descended from what?† asked Seldon. He turned to look at Dors, his eyes wide. â€Å"From the people of Earth!† shouted Amaryl. â€Å"The one planet on which human beings originated.† â€Å"One planet? Just one planet?† â€Å"The only planet. Sure. Earth.† â€Å"When you say Earth, you mean Aurora, don't you?† â€Å"Aurora? What's that?-I mean Earth. Have you never heard of Earth?† â€Å"No,† said Seldon. â€Å"Actually not.† â€Å"It's a mythical world,† began Dors, â€Å"that-â€Å" â€Å"It's not mythical. It was a real planet.† Seldon sighed. â€Å"I've heard this all before. Well, let's go through it again. Is there a Dahlite book that tells of Earth?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Some computer software, then?† â€Å"I don't know what you're talking about.† â€Å"Young man, where did you hear about Earth?† â€Å"My dad told me. Everyone knows about it.† â€Å"Is there anyone who knows about it especially? Did they teach you about it in school?† â€Å"They never said a word about it there.† â€Å"Then how do people know about it?† Amaryl shrugged his shoulders with an air of being uselessly badgered over nothing. â€Å"Everyone just does. If you want stories about it, there's Mother Rittah. I haven't heard that she's died yet.† â€Å"Your mother? Wouldn't you know-â€Å" â€Å"She's not my mother. That's just what they call her. Mother Rittah. She's an old woman. She lives in Billibotton. Or used to.† â€Å"Where's that?† â€Å"Down in that direction,† said Amaryl, gesturing vaguely. â€Å"How do I get there?† â€Å"Get there? You don't want to get there. You'd never come back.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Believe me. You don't want to go there.† â€Å"But I'd like to see Mother Rittah.† Amaryl shook his head. â€Å"Can you use a knife?† â€Å"For what purpose? What kind of knife?† â€Å"A cutting knife. Like this.† Amaryl reached down to the belt that held his pants tight about his waist. A section of it came away and from one end there flashed out a knife blade, thin, gleaming, and deadly. Dors's hand immediately came down hard upon his right wrist. Amaryl laughed. â€Å"I wasn't planning to use it. I was just showing it to you.† He put the knife back in his belt. â€Å"You need one in self-defense and if you don't have one or if you have one but don't know how to use it, you'll never get out of Billibotton alive. Anyway†-he suddenly grew very grave and intent-â€Å"are you really serious, Master Seldon, about helping me get to Helicon?† â€Å"Entirely serious. That's a promise. Write down your name and where you can be reached by hypercomputer. You have a code, I suppose.† â€Å"My shift in the heatsinks has one. Will that do?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Well then,† said Amaryl, looking up earnestly at Seldon, â€Å"this means I have my whole future riding on you, Master Seldon, so please don't go to Billibotton. I can't afford to lose you now.† He turned beseeching eyes on Dors and said softly, â€Å"Mistress Venabili, if he'll listen to you, don't let him go. Please.†