An Analysis Of Media Coverage Of Ebonics: Incorporating Black English I

Introduction The debate on Ebonics has virtually left the media spotlight. The proposal by the Oakland School District in early 1997 to use Ebonics to help African-American children learn Standard English met with much opposition. Few people supported the Oakland resolution which, backed by the Linguistic Society of America, acknowledged Ebonics as a language variety complete with its own syntax, structure, and rules of grammar. The media triggered a dialogue among Americans about the appropriateness of Ebonics in the classroom. "Are you for or against Ebonics?" was a common question many Americans pondered at work, at restaurant lunch counters, and in classrooms across the country. The issue divided Americans, not so much along racial lines, but along lines of understanding. Many people were unclear about the history of Ebonics, the premise and contentions of the Oakland School District's proposal, and the implications of educators beginning to appreciate Ebonics as a distinct language variety. Thus, part of this paper will explore further the educational implications of using Ebonics to improve the literacy of black students. This will be preceded by an analysis of how the New York Times and Los Angeles Times covered the Ebonics issue, and how each (to some extent) helped to legitimize and sustain negative attitudes toward Ebonics. The Meaning of Ebonics The term "Ebonics"was first coined in January, 1973 by Dr. Robert Williams, a professor of Psychology at Washington University. The term, which is a compound of "ebonies" and "phonics"(black sounds) refers to the language of West African, Cameroonian, and U.S. slave descendants of Niger-Congo origins. Some linguists disagree about whether Ebonics, or Black English ... ...tions in English: What Role for Education?"(Opinion/Position Paper, 1991). ED 347796. McWhorter, John. "Wasting Energy on An Illusion." The Black Scholar 27 (1997): 2-5. Oneil, W. "If Ebonics Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?" Rethinking Schools 12.1 (1997): 10-11. "Original Oakland Resolution on Ebonics"( http://linguistlist.org/topics/Ebonics/Ebonics=res1.html). Secret, Carrie. Interview. Rethinking Schools. Fall 1997: 18-19, 34. Smith, E. "What Is Black English? What Is Ebonics?" Rethinking Schools 12.1 (1997): 14-15. Taylor, Hanni. "Ambivalence Toward Black English: Some Tentative Solutions." The Writing Instructor Spring (1991): 121-135. Williams, Patricia. "The Hidden Meanings of Black English." The Black Scholar 27 (1997) 7-8. Winters, Clyde A. "Non-Standard English and Reading"(Opinion/Position Paper, 1993). ED 358438.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 13 Heatsink

AMARYL, YUGO-†¦ A mathematician who, next to Hari Seldon himself, may be considered most responsible for working out the details of psychohistory. It was he who†¦ †¦ Yet the conditions under which he began life are almost more dramatic than his mathematical accomplishments. Born into the hopeless poverty of the lower classes of Dahl, a sector of ancient Trantor, he might have passed his life in utter obscurity were it not for the fact that Seldon, quite by accident, encountered him in the course of†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 61. The Emperor of all the Galaxy felt weary-physically weary. His lips ached from the gracious smile he had had to place on his face at careful intervals. His neck was stiff from having inclined his head this way and that in a feigned show of interest. His ears pained from having to listen. His whole body throbbed from having to rise and to sit and to turn and to hold out his hand and to nod. It was merely a state function where one had to meet Mayors and Viceroys and Ministers and their wives or husbands from here and there in Trantor and (worse) from here and there in the Galaxy. There were nearly a thousand present, all in costumes that varied from the ornate to the downright outlandish, and he had had to listen to a babble of different accents made the worse by an effort to speak the Emperor's Galactic as spoken at the Galactic University. Worst of all, the Emperor had had to remember to avoid making commitments of substance, while freely applying the lotion of words without substan ce. All had been recorded, sight and sound-very discreetly-and Eto Demerzel would go over it to see if Cleon, First of that Name, had behaved himself. That, of course, was only the way that the Emperor put it to himself. Demerzel would surely say that he was merely collecting data on any unintentional self-revelation on the pan of the guests. And perhaps he was. Fortunate Demerzel! The Emperor could not leave the Palace and its extensive grounds, while Demerzel could range the Galaxy if he wished. The Emperor was always on display, always accessible, always forced to deal with visitors, from the important to the merely intrusive. Demerzel remained anonymous and never allowed himself to be seen inside the Palace grounds. He remained merely a fearsome name and an invisible (and therefore the more frightening) presence. The Emperor was the Inside Man with all the trappings and emoluments of power. Demerzel was the Outside Man, with nothing evident, not even a formal title, but with his fingers and mind probing everywhere and asking for no reward for his tireless labors but one-the reality of power. It amused the Emperor-in a macabre sort of way-to consider that, at any moment, without warning, with a manufactured excuse or with none at all, he could have Demerzel arrested, imprisoned, exiled, tortured, or executed. After all, in these annoying centuries of constant unrest, the Emperor might have difficulty in exerting his will over the various planets of the Empire, even over the various sectors of Trantor-with their rabble of local executives and legislatures that he was forced to deal with in a maze of interlocking decrees, protocols, commitments, treaties, and general interstellar legalities-but at least his powers remained absolute over the Palace and its grounds. And yet Cleon knew that his dreams of power were useless. Demerzel had served his father and Cleon could not remember a time when he did not turn to Demerzel for everything. It was Demerzel who knew it all, devised it all, did it all. More than that, it was on Demerzel that anything that went wrong could be blamed . The Emperor himself remained above criticism and had nothing to fear-except, of course, palace coups and assassination by his nearest and dearest. It was to prevent this, above all, that he depended upon Demerzel. Emperor Cleon felt a tiny shudder at the thought of trying to do without Demerzel. There had been Emperors who had ruled personally, who had had a series of Chiefs of Staff of no talent, who had had incompetents serving in the post and had kept them-and somehow they had gotten along for a time and after a fashion. But Cleon could not. He needed Demerzel. In fact, now that the thought of assassination had come to him-and, in view of the modern history of the Empire, it was inevitable that it had come to him-he could see that getting rid of Demerzel was quite impossible. It couldn't be done. No matter how cleverly he, Cleon, would attempt to arrange it, Demerzel (he was sure) would anticipate the move somehow, would know it was on its way, and would arrange, with far superior cleverness, a palace coup. Cleon would be dead before Demerzel could possibly be taken away in chains and there would simply be another Emperor that Demerzel would serve-and dominate. Or would Demerzel tire of the game and make himself Emperor? Never! The habit of anonymity was too strong in him. If Demerzel exposed himself to the world, then his powers, his wisdom, his luck (whatever it was) would surely desert him. Cleon was convinced of that. He felt it to be beyond dispute. So while he behaved himself, Cleon was safe. With no ambitions of his own, Demerzel would serve him faithfully. And now here was Demerzel, dressed so severely and simply that it made Cleon uneasily conscious of the useless ornamentation of his robes of state, now thankfully removed with the aid of two valets. Naturally, it would not be until he was alone and in dishabille that Demerzel would glide into view. â€Å"Demerzel,† said the Emperor of all the Galaxy, â€Å"I am tired!† â€Å"State functions are tiring, Sire,† murmured Demerzel. â€Å"Then must I have them every evening?† â€Å"Not every evening, but they are essential. It gratifies others to see you and to be taken note of by you. It helps keep the Empire running smoothly.† â€Å"The Empire used to be kept running smoothly by power,† said the Emperor somberly. â€Å"Now it must be kept running by a smile, a wave of the hand, a murmured word, and a medal or a plaque.† â€Å"If all that keeps the peace, Sire, there is much to be said for it. And your reign proceeds well.† â€Å"You know why-because I have you at my side. My only real gift is that I am aware of your importance.† He looked at Demerzel slyly. â€Å"My son need not be my heir. He is not a talented boy. What if I make you my heir?† Demerzel said freezingly, â€Å"Sire, that is unthinkable. I would not usurp the throne. I would not steal it from your rightful heir. Besides, if I have displeased you, punish me justly. Surely, nothing I have done or could possibly do deserves the punishment of being made Emperor.† Cleon laughed. â€Å"For that true assessment of the value of the Imperial throne, Demerzel, I abandon any thought of punishing you. Come now, let us talk about something. I would sleep, but I am not yet ready for the ceremonies with which they put me to bed. Let us talk.† â€Å"About what, Sire?† â€Å"About anything.-About that mathematician and his psychohistory. I think about him every once in a while, you know. I thought of him at dinner tonight. I wondered: What if a psychohistorical analysis would predict a method for making it possible to be an Emperor without endless ceremony?† â€Å"I somehow think, Sire, that even the cleverest psychohistorian could not manage that.† â€Å"Well, tell me the latest. Is he still hiding among those peculiar baldheads of Mycogen? You promised you would winkle him out of there.† â€Å"So I did, Sire, and I moved in that direction, but I regret that I must say that I failed.† â€Å"Failed?† The Emperor allowed himself to frown. â€Å"I don't like that.† â€Å"Nor I, Sire. I planned to have the mathematician be encouraged to commit some blasphemous act-such acts are easy to commit in Mycogen, especially for an outsider-one that would call for severe punishment. The mathematician would then be forced to appeal to the Emperor and, as a result, we would get him. I planned it at the cost of insignificant concessions on our part-important to Mycogen, totally unimportant to us-and I meant to play no direct role in the arrangement. It was to be handled subtly.† â€Å"I dare say,† said Cleon, â€Å"but it failed. Did the Mayor of Mycogen â€Å"He is called the High Elder, Sire.† â€Å"Do not quibble over titles. Did this High Elder refuse?† â€Å"On the contrary, Sire, he agreed and the mathematician, Seldon, fell into the trap neatly.† â€Å"Well then?† â€Å"He was allowed to leave unharmed.† â€Å"Why?† said Cleon indignantly. â€Å"Of this I am not certain, Sire, but I suspect we were outbid.† â€Å"By whom? By the Mayor of Wye?† â€Å"Possibly, Sire, but I doubt that. I have Wye under constant surveillance. If they had gained the mathematician, I would know it by now.† The Emperor was not merely frowning. He was clearly enraged. â€Å"Demerzel, this is bad. I am greatly displeased. A failure like this makes me wonder if you are perhaps not the man you once were. What measures shall we take against Mycogen for this clear defiance of the Emperor's wishes?† Demerzel bowed low in recognition of the storm unleashed, but he said in steely tones, â€Å"It would be a mistake to move against Mycogen now, Sire. The disruption that would follow would play into the hands of Wye.† â€Å"But we must do something.† â€Å"Perhaps not, Sire. It is not as bad as it may seem.† â€Å"How can it be not as bad as it seems?† â€Å"You'll remember, Sire, that this mathematician was convinced that psychohistory was impractical.† â€Å"Of course I remember that, but that doesn't matter, does it? For our purposes?† â€Å"Perhaps not. But if it were to become practical, it would serve our purposes to an infinitely great extent, Sire. And from what I have been able to find out, the mathematician is now attempting to make psychohistory practical. His blasphemous attempt in Mycogen was, I understand, part of an attempt at solving the problem of psychohistory. In that case, it may pay us, Sire, to leave him to himself. It will serve us better to pick him up when he is closer to his goal or has reached it.† â€Å"Not if Wye gets him first.† â€Å"That, I shall see to it, will not happen.† â€Å"In the same way that you succeeded in winkling the mathematician out of Mycogen just now?† â€Å"I will not make a mistake the next time, Sire,† said Demerzel coldly. The Emperor said, â€Å"Demerzel, you had better not. I will not tolerate another mistake in this respect.† And then he added pettishly, â€Å"I think I shall not sleep tonight after all.† 62. Jirad Tisalver of the Dahl Sector was short. The top of his head came up only to Hari Seldon's nose. He did not seem to take that to heart, however. He had handsome, even features, was given to smiling, and sported a thick black mustache and crisply curling black hair. He lived, with his wife and a half-grown daughter, in an apartment of seven small rooms, kept meticulously clean, but almost bare of furnishings. Tisalver said, â€Å"I apologize, Master Seldon and Mistress Venabili, that I cannot give you the luxury to which you must be accustomed, but Dahl is a poor sector and I am not even among the better-off among our people.† â€Å"The more reason,† responded Seldon, â€Å"that we must apologize to you for placing the burden of our presence upon you.† â€Å"No burden, Master Seldon. Master Hummin has arranged to pay us generously for your use of our humble quarters and the credits would be welcome even if you were not-and you are.† Seldon remembered Hummin's parting words when they finally arrived in Dahl. â€Å"Seldon† he had said, â€Å"this is the third place I've arranged as sanctuary. The first two were notoriously beyond the reach of the Imperium, which might well have served to attract their attention; after all, they were logical places for you. This one is different. It is poor, unremarkable, and, as a matter of fact, unsafe in some ways. It is not a natural refuge for you, so that the Emperor and his Chief of Staff may not think to turn their eyes in this direction. Would you mind staying out of trouble this time, then?† â€Å"I will try, Hummin,† said Seldon, a little offended. â€Å"Please be aware that the trouble is not of my seeking. I am trying to learn what may well take me thirty lifetimes to learn if I am to have the slightest chance of organizing psychohistory.† â€Å"I understand,† said Hummin. â€Å"Your efforts at learning brought you to Upperside in Streeling and to the Elders' aerie in Mycogen and to who can guess where in Dahl. As for you, Dr. Venabili, I know you've been trying to take care of Seldon, but you must try harder. Get it fixed in your head that he is the most important person on Trantor-or in the Galaxy, for that matter-and that he must be kept secure at any cost.† â€Å"I will continue to do my best,† said Dors stiffly. â€Å"And as for your host family, they have their peculiarities, but they are essentially good people with whom I have dealt before. Try not to get them in trouble either.† But Tisalver, at least, did not seem to anticipate trouble of any kind from his new tenants and his expressed pleasure at the company he now had-quite apart from the rent credits he would be getting-seemed quite sincere. He had never been outside Dahl and his appetite for tales of distant places was enormous. His wife too, bowing and smiling, would listen and their daughter, with a finger in her mouth, would allow one eye to peep from behind the door. It was usually after dinner, when the entire family assembled, that Seldon and Dors were expected to talk of the outside world. The food was plentiful enough, but it was bland and often tough. So soon after the tangy food of Mycogen, it was all but inedible. The â€Å"table† was a long shelf against one wall and they ate standing up. Gentle questioning by Seldon elicited the fact that this was the usual situation among Dahlites as a whole and was not due to unusual poverty. Of course, Mistress Tisalver explained, there were those with high government jobs in Dahl who were prone to adopt all kinds of effete customs like chairs-she called them â€Å"body shelves†-but this was looked down upon by the solid middle class. Much as they disapproved of unnecessary luxury, though, the Tisalvers loved hearing about it, listening with a virtual storm of tongue-clicking when told of mattresses lifted on legs, of ornate chests and wardrobes, and of a superfluity of tableware. They listened also to a description of Mycogenian customs, while Jirad Tisalver stroked his own hair complacently and made it quite obvious that he would as soon think of emasculation as of depilation. Mistress Tisalver was furious at any mention of female subservience and flatly refused to believe that the Sisters accepted it tranquilly. They seized most, however, on Seldon's. casual reference to the Imperial grounds. When, upon questioning, it turned out that Seldon had actually seen and spoken to the Emperor, a blanket of awe enveloped the family. It took a while before they dared ask questions and Seldon found that he could not satisfy them. He had not, after all, seen much of the grounds and even less of the Palace interior. That disappointed the Tisalvers and they were unremitting in their attempts to elicit more. And, having heard of Seldon's Imperial adventure, they found it hard to believe Dors's assertion that, for her part, she had never been anywhere in the Imperial grounds. Most of all, they rejected Seldon's casual comment that the Emperor had talked and behaved very much as any ordinary human being would. That seemed utterly impossible to the Tisalvers. After three evenings of this, Seldon found himself tiring. He had, at first, welcomed the chance to do nothing for a while (during the day, at least) but view some of the history book-films that Dors recommended. The Tisalvers turned over their book-viewer to their guests during the day with good grace, though the little girl seemed unhappy and was sent over to a neighbor's apartment to use theirs for her homework. â€Å"It doesn't help,† Seldon said restlessly in the security of his room after he had piped in some music to discourage eavesdropping. â€Å"I can see your fascination with history, but it's all endless detail. It's a mountainous heap-no, a Galactic heap-of data in which I can't see the basic organization.† â€Å"I dare say,† said Dors, â€Å"that there must have been a time when human beings saw no organization in the stars in the sky, but eventually they discovered the Galactic structure.† â€Å"And I'm sure that took generations, not weeks. There must have been a time when physics seemed a mass of unrelated observations before the central natural laws were discovered and that took generations.-And what of the Tisalvers?† â€Å"What of them? I think they're being very nice.† â€Å"They're curious.† â€Å"Of course they are. Wouldn't you be if you were in their place?† â€Å"But is it just curiosity? They seem to be ferociously interested in my meeting with the Emperor.† Dors seemed impatient. â€Å"Again†¦ its only natural. Wouldn't you be-if the situation was reversed?† â€Å"It makes me nervous.† â€Å"Hummin brought us here.† â€Å"Yes, but he's not perfect. He brought me to the University and I was maneuvered Upperside. He brought us to Sunmaster Fourteen, who entrapped us. You know he did. Twice bitten, at least once shy. I'm tired of being questioned.† â€Å"Then turn the tables, Hari. Aren't you interested in Dahl?† â€Å"Of course. What do you know about it to begin with?† â€Å"Nothing. It's just one of more than eight hundred sectors and I've only been on Trantor a little over two years.† â€Å"Exactly. And there are twenty-five million other worlds and I've been on this problem only a little over two months.-I tell you. I want to go back to Helicon and take up a study of the mathematics of turbulence, which was my Ph.D. problem, and forget I ever saw-or thought I saw-that turbulence gave an insight into human society.† But that evening he said to Tisalver, â€Å"But you know, Master Tisalver, you've never told me what you do, the nature of your work.† â€Å"Me?† Tisalver placed his fingers on his chest, which was covered by the simple white T-shirt with nothing underneath, which seemed to be the standard male uniform in Dahl. â€Å"Nothing much. I work at the local holovision station in programming. It's very dull, but it's a living.† â€Å"And it's respectable,† said Mistress Tisalver. â€Å"It means he doesn't have to work in the heatsinks.† â€Å"The heatsinks?† said Dors, lifting her light eyebrows and managing to look fascinated. â€Å"Oh well,† said Tisalver, â€Å"that's what Dahl is best known for. It isn't much, but forty billion people on Trantor need energy and we supply a lot of it. We don't get appreciated, but I'd like to see some of the fancy sectors do without it.† Seldon looked confused. â€Å"Doesn't Trantor get its energy from solar power stations in orbit?† â€Å"Some,† said Tisalver, â€Å"and some from nuclear fusion stations out on the islands and some from microfusion motors and some from wind stations Upperside, but half†-he raised a finger in emphasis and his face looked unusually grave-â€Å"half comes from the heatsinks. There are heatsinks in lots of places, but none-none-as rich as those in Dahl. Are you serious that you don't know about the heatsinks? You sit there and stare at me.† Dors said quickly, â€Å"We are Outworlders, you know.† (She had almost said ‘tribespeople,' but had caught herself in time.) â€Å"Especially Dr. Seldon. He's only been on Trantor a couple of months.† â€Å"Really?† said Mistress Tisalver. She was a trifle shorter than her husband, was plump without quite being fat, had her dark hair drawn tightly back into a bun, and possessed rather beautiful dark eyes. Like her husband, she appeared to be in her thirties. (After a period in Mycogen, not actually long in duration but intense, it struck Dors as odd to have a woman enter the conversation at will. How quickly modes and manners establish themselves, she thought, and made a mental note to mention that to Seldon-one more item for his psychohistory.) â€Å"Oh yes,† she said. â€Å"Dr. Seldon is from Helicon.† Mistress Tisalver registered polite ignorance. â€Å"And where might that be?† Dors said, â€Å"Why, it's-† She turned to Seldon. â€Å"Where is it, Hari?† Seldon looked abashed. â€Å"To tell you the truth, I don't think I could locate it very easily on a Galactic model without looking up the coordinates. All I can say is that it's on the other side of the central black hole from Trantor and getting there by hypership is rather a chore.† Mistress Tisalver said, â€Å"I don't think Jirad and I will ever be on a hypership.† â€Å"Someday, Casilia,† said Tisalver cheerfully, â€Å"maybe we will. But tell us about Helicon, Master Seldon.† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"To me that would be dull. Its just a world, like any other. Only Trantor is different from all the rest. There are no heatsinks on Helicon-or probably anywhere else-except Trantor. Tell me about them.† (â€Å"Only Trantor is different from all the rest.† The sentence repeated itself in Seldon's mind and for a moment he grasped at it, and for some reason Dors's hand-on-thigh story suddenly recurred to him, but Tisalver was speaking and it passed out of Seldon's mind as quickly as it had entered.) Tisalver said, â€Å"If you really want to know about heatsinks, I can show you.† He turned to his wife. â€Å"Casilia, would you mind if tomorrow evening I take Master Seldon to the heatsinks.† â€Å"And me,† said Dors quickly. â€Å"And Mistress Venabili?† Mistress Tisalver frowned and said sharply, â€Å"I don't think it would be a good idea. Our visitors would find it dull.† â€Å"I don't think so, Mistress Tisalver,† said Seldon ingratiatingly. â€Å"We would very much like to see the heatsinks. We would be delighted if you would join us too†¦ and your little daughter-if she wants to come.† â€Å"To the heatsinks?† said Mistress Tisalver, stiffening. â€Å"It's no place at all for a decent woman.† Seldon felt embarrassed at his gaffe. â€Å"I meant no harm, Mistress Tisalver.† â€Å"No offense,† said Tisalver. â€Å"Casilia thinks it's beneath us and so it is, but as long as I don't work there, it's no distress merely to visit and show it to guests. But it is uncomfortable and I would never get Casilia to dress properly.† They got up from their crouching positions. Dahlite â€Å"chairs† were merely molded plastic seats on small wheels and they cramped Seldon's knees terribly and seemed to wiggle at his least body movement. The Tisalvers, however, had mastered the art of sitting firmly and rose without trouble and without needing to use their arms for help as Seldon had to. Dors also got up without trouble and Seldon once again marveled at her natural grace. Before they parted to their separate rooms for the night, Seldon said to Dors, â€Å"Are you sure you know nothing about heatsinks? Mistress Tisalver makes them seem unpleasant.† â€Å"They can't be that unpleasant or Tisalver wouldn't suggest taking us on tour. Let's be content to be surprised.† 63. Tisalver said, â€Å"You'll need proper clothing.† Mistress Tisalver sniffed markedly in the background. Cautiously, Seldon, thinking of kirtles with vague distress, said, â€Å"What do you mean by proper clothing?† â€Å"Something light, such as I wear. A T-shirt, very short sleeves, loose slacks, loose underpants, foot socks, open sandals. I have it all for you.† â€Å"Good. It doesn't sound bad.† â€Å"As for Mistress Venabili, I have the same. I hope it fits.† The clothes Tisalver supplied each of them (which were his own) fit fine-if a bit snugly. When they were ready, they bade Mistress Tisalver good-bye and she, with a resigned if still disapproving air, watched them from the doorway as they set off. It was early evening and there was an attractive twilight glow above. It was clear that Dahl's lights would soon be winking on. The temperature was mild and there were virtually no vehicles to be seen; everyone was walking. In the distance was the ever-present hum of an Expressway and the occasional glitter of its lights could be easily seen. The Dahlites, Seldon noted, did not seem to be walking toward any particular destination. Rather, there seemed to be a promenade going on, a walking for pleasure. Perhaps, if Dahl was an impoverished sector, as Tisalver had implied, inexpensive entertainment was at a premium and what was as pleasant-and as inexpensive-as an evening stroll? Seldon felt himself easing automatically into the gait of an aimless stroll himself and felt the warmth of friendliness all around him. People greeted each other as they passed and exchanged a few words. Black mustaches of different shape and thickness flashed everywhere and seemed a requisite for the Dahlite male, as ubiquitous as the bald heads of the Mycogenian Brothers. It was an evening rite, a way of making sure that another day had passed safely and that one's friends were still well and happy. And, it soon became apparent, Dors caught every eye. In the twilight glow, the ruddiness of her hair had deepened, but it stood out against the sea of black-haired heads (except for the occasional gray) like a gold coin winking its way across a pile of coal. â€Å"This is very pleasant,† said Seldon. â€Å"It is,† said Tisalver. â€Å"Ordinarily, I'd be walking with my wife and she'd be in her element. There is no one for a kilometer around whom she doesn't know by name, occupation, and interrelationships. I can't do that. Right now, half the people who greet me†¦ I couldn't tell you their names. But, in any case, we mustn't creep along too slowly. We must get to the elevator. It's a busy world on the lower levels.† They were on the elevator going down when Dors said, â€Å"I presume, Master Tisalver, that the heatsinks are places where the internal heat of Trantor is being used to produce steam that will turn turbines and produce electricity.† â€Å"Oh, no. Highly efficient large-scale thermopiles produce electricity directly. Don't ask me the details, please. I'm just a holovision programmer. In fact, don't ask anyone the details down there. The whole thing is one big black box. It works, but no one knows how.† â€Å"What if something goes wrong?† â€Å"It doesn't usually, but if it does, some expert comes over from somewhere. Someone who understands computers. The whole thing is highly computerized, of course.† The elevator came to a halt and they stepped out. A blast of heat struck them. â€Å"It's hot,† said Seldon quite unnecessarily. â€Å"Yes, it is,† said Tisalver. â€Å"That's what makes Dahl so valuable as an energy source. The magma layer is nearer the surface here than it is anywhere else in the world. So you have to work in the heat.† â€Å"How about air-conditioning?† said Dors. â€Å"There is air-conditioning, but it's a matter of expense. We ventilate and dehumidify and cool, but if we go too far, then we're using up too much energy and the whole process becomes too expensive.† Tisalver stopped at a door at which he signaled. It opened to a blast of cooler air and he muttered, â€Å"We ought to be able to get someone to help show us around and he'll control the remarks that Mistress Venabili will otherwise be the victim of†¦ at least from the men.† â€Å"Remarks won't embarrass me,† said Dors. â€Å"They will embarrass me,† said Tisalver. A young man walked out of the office and introduced himself as Hano Linder. He resembled Tisalver quite closely, but Seldon decided that until he got used to the almost universal shortness, swarthiness, black hair, and luxuriant mustaches, he would not be able to see individual differences easily. Lindor said, â€Å"I'll be glad to show you around for what there is to see. It's not one of your spectaculars, you know.† He addressed them all, but his eyes were fixed on Dors. He said, â€Å"It's not going to be comfortable. I suggest we remove our shirts.† â€Å"It's nice and cool in here,† said Seldon. â€Å"Of course, but that's because we're executives. Rank has its privileges. Out there we can't maintain air-conditioning at this level. That's why they get paid more than I do. In fact, those are the best-paying jobs in Dahl, which is the only reason we get people to work down here. Even so, it's getting harder to get heatsinkers all the time.† He took a deep breath. â€Å"Okay, out into the soup.† He removed his own shirt and tucked it into his waistband. Tisalver did the same and Seldon followed suit. Linder glanced at Dors and said, â€Å"For your own comfort, Mistress, but it's not compulsory.† â€Å"That's all right,† said Dors and removed her shirt. Her brassiere was white, unpadded, and showed considerable cleavage. â€Å"Mistress,† said Lindor, â€Å"That's not-† He thought a moment, then shrugged and said, â€Å"All right. We'll get by.† At first, Seldon was aware only of computers and machinery, huge pipes, flickering lights, and flashing screens. The overall light was comparatively dim, though individual sections of machinery were illuminated. Seldon looked up into the almost-darkness. He said, â€Å"Why isn't it better lit?† â€Å"It's lit well enough†¦ where it should be,† said Lindor. His voice was well modulated and he spoke quickly, but a little harshly. â€Å"Overall illumination is kept low for psychological reasons. Too bright is translated, in the mind, into heat. Complaints go up when we turn up the lights, even when the temperature is made to go down.† Dors said, â€Å"It seems to be well computerized. I should think the operations could be turned over to computers altogether. This sort of environment is made for artificial intelligence.† â€Å"Perfectly right,† said Lindor, â€Å"but neither can we take a chance on any failures. We need people on the spot if anything goes wrong. A malfunctioning computer can raise problems up to two thousand kilometers away.† â€Å"So can human error. Isn't that so?† said Seldon. â€Å"Oh. yes, but with both people and computers on the job, computer error can be more quickly tracked down and corrected by people and, conversely, human error can be more quickly corrected by computers. What it amounts to is that nothing serious can happen unless human error and computer error take place simultaneously. And that hardly ever happens.† â€Å"Hardly ever, but not never, eh?† said Seldon. â€Å"Almost never, but not never. Computers aren't what they used to be and neither are people.† â€Å"That's the way it always seems,† said Seldon, laughing slightly. â€Å"No, no. I'm not talking memory. I'm not talking good old days. I'm talking statistics.† At this, Seldon recalled Hummin talking of the degeneration of the times. â€Å"See what I mean?† said Lindor, his voice dropping. â€Å"There's a bunch of people, at the C-3 level from the looks of them, drinking. Not one of them is at his or her post.† â€Å"What are they drinking?† asked Dors. â€Å"Special fluids for replacing electrolyte loss. Fruit juice.† â€Å"You can't blame them, can you?† said Dors indignantly. â€Å"In this dry heat, you would have to drink.† â€Å"Do you know how long a skilled C-3 can spin out a drink? And there's nothing to be done about it either. If we give them five-minute breaks for drinks and stagger them so they don't all congregate in a group, you simply stir up a rebellion.† They were approaching the group now. There were men and women (Dahl seemed to be a more or less amphisexual society) and both sexes were shirtless. The women wore devices that might be called brassieres, but they were strictly functional. They served to lift the breasts in order to improve ventilation and limit perspiration, but covered nothing. Dors said in an aside to Seldon, â€Å"That makes sense, Hari. I'm soaking wet there.† â€Å"Take off your brassiere, then,† said Seldon. â€Å"I won't lift a finger to stop you.† â€Å"Somehow,† said Dors, â€Å"I guessed you wouldn't.† She left her brassiere where it was. They were approaching the congregation of people-about a dozen of them. Dors said, â€Å"If any of them make rude remarks, I shall survive.† â€Å"Thank you,† said Lindor. â€Å"I cannot promise they won't.-But I'll have to introduce you. If they get the idea that you two are inspectors and in my company, they'll become unruly. Inspectors are supposed to poke around on their own without anyone from management overseeing them.† He held up his arms. â€Å"Heatsinkers, I have two introductions to make. We have visitors from outside-two Outworlders, two scholars. They've got worlds running short on energy and they've come here to see how we do it here in Dahl. They think they may learn something.† â€Å"They'll learn how to sweat!† shouted a heatsinker and there was raucous laughter. â€Å"She's got a sweaty chest right now,† shouted a woman, â€Å"covering up like that.† Dors shouted back, â€Å"I'd take it off, but mine can't compete with yours.† The laughter turned good-natured. But one young man stepped forward, staring at Seldon with intense deep-set eyes, his face set into a humorless mask. He said, â€Å"I know you. You're the mathematician.† He ran forward, inspecting Seldon's face with eager solemnity. Automatically, Dors stepped in front of Seldon and Lindor stepped in front of her, shouting, â€Å"Back, heatsinker. Mind your manners.† Seldon said, â€Å"Wait! Let him talk to me. Why is everyone piling in front of me?† Lindor said in a low voice, â€Å"If any of them get close, you'll find they don't smell like hothouse flowers.† â€Å"I'll endure it,† said Seldon brusquely. â€Å"Young man, what is it you want?† â€Å"My name is Amaryl. Yugo Amaryl. I've seen you on holovision.† â€Å"You might have, but what about it?† â€Å"I don't remember your name.† â€Å"You don't have to.† â€Å"You talked about something called psychohistory.† â€Å"You don't know how I wish I hadn't.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Nothing. What is it you want?† â€Å"I want to talk to you. Just for a little while. Now.† Seldon looked at Lindor, who shook his head firmly. â€Å"Not while he's on his shift.† â€Å"When does your shift begin, Mr. Amaryl?† asked Seldon. â€Å"Sixteen hundred.† â€Å"Can you see me tomorrow at fourteen hundred?† â€Å"Sure. Where?† Seldon turned to Tisalver. Would you permit me to see him in your place?† Tisalver looked very unhappy. â€Å"Its not necessary. He's just a heatsinker.† Seldon said, â€Å"He recognized my face. He knows something about me. He can't be just an anything. I'll see him in my room.† And then, as Tisalver's face didn't soften, he added, â€Å"My room, for which rent is being paid. And you'll be at work, out of the apartment.† Tisalver said in a low voice, â€Å"It's not me, Master Seldon. It's my wife, Casilia. She won't stand for it.† â€Å"I'll talk to her,† said Seldon grimly. â€Å"She'll have to.† 64. Casilia Tisalver opened her eyes wide. â€Å"A heatsinker? Not in my apartment.† â€Å"Why not? Besides, he'll be coming to my room,† said Seldon. â€Å"At fourteen hundred.† â€Å"I won't have it,† said Mistress Tisalver. â€Å"This is what comes of going down to the heatsinks. Jirad was a fool.† â€Å"Not at all, Mistress Tisalver. We went at my request and I was fascinated. I must see this young man, since that is necessary to my scholarly work.† â€Å"I'm sorry if it is, but I won't have it.† Dors Venabili raised her hand. â€Å"Hari, let me take care of this. Mistress Tisalver, if Dr. Seldon must see someone in his room this afternoon, the additional person naturally means additional rent. We understand that. For today, then, the rent on Dr. Seldon's room will be doubled.† Mistress Tisalver thought about it. â€Å"Well, that's decent of you, but it's not only the credits. There's the neighbors to think of. A sweaty, smelly heatsinker-â€Å" â€Å"I doubt that he'll be sweaty and smelly at fourteen hundred, Mistress Tisalver, but let me go on. Since Dr. Seldon must see him, then if he can't see him here, he'll have to see him elsewhere, but we can't run here and there. That would be too inconvenient. Therefore, what we will have to do is to get a room elsewhere. It won't be easy and we don't want to do it, but we will have to. So we will pay the rent through today and leave and of course we will have to explain to Master Hummin why we have had to change the arrangements that he so kindly made for us.† â€Å"Wait.† Mistress Tisalver's face became a study of calculation. â€Å"We wouldn't like to disoblige Master Hummin†¦ or you two. How long would this creature have to stay?† â€Å"He's coming at fourteen hundred. He must be at work at sixteen hundred. He will be here for less than two hours, perhaps considerably less. We will meet him outside, the two of us, and bring him to Dr. Seldon's room. Any neighbors who see us will think he is an Outworlder friend of ours.† Mistress Tisalver nodded her head. â€Å"Then let it be as you say. Double rent for Master Seldon's room for today and the heatsinker will visit just this one time.† â€Å"Just this one time,† said Dors. But later, when Seldon and Dors were sitting in her room, Dors said, â€Å"Why do you have to see him, Hari? Is interviewing a heatsinker important to psychohistory too?† Seldon thought he detected a small edge of sarcasm in her voice and he said tartly, â€Å"I don't have to base everything on this huge project of mine, in which I have very little faith anyway. I am also a human being with human curiosities. We were down in the heatsinks for hours and you saw what the working people there were like. They were obviously uneducated. They were low-level individuals-no play on words intended-and yet here was one who recognized me. He must have seen me on holovision on the occasion of the Decennial Convention and he remembered the word ‘psychohistory.' He strikes me as unusual-as out of place somehow-and I would like to talk to him.† â€Å"Because it pleases your vanity to have become known even to heatsinkers in Dahl?† â€Å"Well†¦ perhaps. But it also piques my curiosity.† â€Å"And how do you know he hasn't been briefed and intends to lead you into trouble as has happened before.† Seldon winced. â€Å"I won't let him run his fingers through my hair. In any case, we're more nearly prepared now, aren't we? And I'm sure you'll be with me. I mean, you let me go Upperside alone, you let me go with Raindrop Forty-Three to the microfarms alone, and you're not going to do that again, are you?† â€Å"You can be absolutely sure I won't,† said Dors. â€Å"Well then, I'll talk to the young man and you can watch out for traps. I have every faith in you.† 65. Amaryl arrived a few minutes before 1400, looking warily about. His hair was neat and his thick mustache was combed and turned up slightly at the edges. His T-shirt was startlingly white. He did smell, but it was a fruity odor that undoubtedly came from the slightly overenthusiastic use of scent. He had a bag with him. Seldon, who had been waiting outside for him, seized one elbow lightly, while Dors seized the other, and they moved rapidly into the elevator. Having reached the correct level, they passed through the apartment into Seldon's room. Amaryl said in a low hangdog voice, â€Å"Nobody home, huh?† â€Å"Everyone's busy,† said Seldon neutrally. He indicated the only chair in the room, a pad directly on the floor. â€Å"No,† said Amaryl. â€Å"I don't need that. One of you two use it.† He squatted on the floor with a graceful downward motion. Dors imitated the movement, sitting on the edge of Seldon's floor-based mattress, but Seldon dropped down rather clumsily, having to make use of his hands and unable, quite, to find a comfortable position for his legs. Seldon said, â€Å"Well, young man, why do you want to see me?† â€Å"Because you're a mathematician. You're the first mathematician I ever saw-close up-so I could touch him, you know.† â€Å"Mathematicians feel like anyone else.† â€Å"Not to me, Dr†¦ Dr†¦ Seldon?† â€Å"That's my name.† Amaryl looked pleased. â€Å"I finally remembered.-You see, I want to be a mathematician too.† â€Å"Very good. What's stopping you?† Amaryl suddenly frowned. â€Å"Are you serious?† â€Å"I presume something is stopping you. Yes, I'm serious.† â€Å"What's stopping me is I'm a Dahlite, a heatsinker on Dahl. I don't have the money to get an education and I can't get the credits to get an education. A real education, I mean. All they taught me was to read and cipher and use a computer and then I knew enough to be a heatsinker. But I wanted more. So I taught myself.† â€Å"In some ways, that's the best kind of teaching. How did you do that?† â€Å"I knew a librarian. She was willing to help me. She was a very nice woman and she showed me how to use computers for learning mathematics. And she set up a software system that would connect me with other libraries. I'd come on my days off and on mornings after my shift. Sometimes she'd lock me in her private room so I wouldn't be bothered by people coming in or she would let me in when the library was closed. She didn't know mathematics herself, but she helped me all she could. She was oldish, a widow lady. Maybe she thought of me as a kind of son or something. She didn't have children of her own.† (Maybe, thought Seldon briefly, there was some other emotion involved too, but he put the thought away. None of his business.) â€Å"I liked number theory,† said Amaryl. â€Å"I worked some things out from what I learned from the computer and from the book-films it used to teach me mathematics. I came up with some new things that weren't in the book-films.† Seldon raised his eyebrows. â€Å"That's interesting. Like what?† â€Å"I've brought some of them to you. I've never showed them to anyone. The people around me-† He shrugged. â€Å"They'd either laugh or be annoyed. Once I tried to tell a girl I knew, but she just said I was weird and wouldn't see me anymore. Is it all right for me to show them to you?† â€Å"Quite all right. Believe me.† Seldon held out his hand and after a brief hesitation, Amaryl handed him the bag he was carrying. For a long time, Seldon looked over Amaryl's papers. The work was naive in the extreme, but he allowed no smile to cross his face. He followed the demonstrations, not one of which was new, of course-or even nearly new-or of any importance. But that didn't matter. Seldon looked up. â€Å"Did you do all of this yourself?† Amaryl, looking more than half-frightened, nodded his head. Seldon extracted several sheets. â€Å"What made you think of this?† His finger ran down a line of mathematical reasoning. Amaryl looked it over, frowned, and thought about it. Then he explained his line of thinking. Seldon listened and said, â€Å"Did you ever read a book by Anat Bigell?† â€Å"On number theory?† â€Å"The title was Mathematical Deduction. It wasn't about number theory, particularly.† Amaryl shook his head. â€Å"I never heard of him. I'm sorry.† â€Å"He worked out this theorem of yours three hundred years ago.' Amaryl looked stricken. â€Å"I didn't know that.† â€Å"I'm sure you didn't. You did it more cleverly, though. It's not rigorous, but-â€Å" â€Å"What do you mean, ‘rigorous'?† â€Å"It doesn't matter.† Seldon put the papers back together in a sheaf, restored it to the bag, and said, â€Å"Make several copies of all this. Take one copy, have it dated by an official computer, and place it under computerized seal. My friend here, Mistress Venabili, can get you into Streeling University without tuition on some sort of scholarship. You'll have to start at the beginning and take courses in other subjects than mathematics, but-â€Å" By now Amaryl had caught his breath. â€Å"Into Streeling University? They won't take me.† â€Å"Why not? Dors, you can arrange it, can't you?† â€Å"I'm sure I can.† â€Å"No, you can't,† said Amaryl hotly. â€Å"They won't take me. I'm from Dahl.† â€Å"Well?† â€Å"They won't take people from Dahl.† Seldon looked at Dors. â€Å"What's he talking about?† Dors shook her head. â€Å"I really don't know.† Amaryl said, â€Å"You're an Outworlder, Mistress. How long have you been at Streeling?† â€Å"A little over two years, Mr. Amaryl.† â€Å"Have you ever seen Dahlites there-short, curly black hair, big mustaches?† â€Å"There are students with all kinds of appearances.† â€Å"But no Dahlites. Look again the next time you're there.† â€Å"Why not?† said Seldon. â€Å"They don't like us. We look different. They don't like our mustaches.† â€Å"You can shave your-† but Seldon's voice died under the other's furious glance. â€Å"Never. Why should I? My mustache is my manhood.† â€Å"You shave your beard. That's your manhood too.† â€Å"To my people it is the mustache.† Seldon looked at Dors again and murmured, â€Å"Bald heads, mustaches†¦ madness.† â€Å"What?† said Amaryl angrily. â€Å"Nothing. Tell me what else they don't like about Dahlites.† â€Å"They make up things not to like. They say we smell. They say we're dirty. They say we steal. They say we're violent. They say we're dumb.† â€Å"Why do they say all this?† â€Å"Because its easy to say it and it makes them feel good. Sure, if we work in the heatsinks, we get dirty and smelly. If we're poor and held down, some of us steal and get violent. But that isn't the way it is with all of us. How about those tall yellow-hairs in the Imperial Sector who think they own the Galaxy-no, they do own the Galaxy. Don't they ever get violent? Don't they steal sometimes? If they did my job, they'd smell the way I do. If they had to live the way I have to, they'd get dirty too.† â€Å"Who denies that there are people of all kinds in all places?† said Seldon. â€Å"No one argues the matter! They just take it for granted. Master Seldon, I've got to get away from Trantor. I have no chance on Trantor, no way of earning credits, no way of getting an education, no way of becoming a mathematician, no way of becoming any thing but what they say I am†¦ a worthless nothing.† This last was said in frustration-and desperation. Seldon tried to be reasonable. â€Å"The person I'm renting this room from is a Dahlite. He has a clean job. He's educated.† â€Å"Oh sure,† said Amaryl passionately. â€Å"There are some. They let a few do it so that they can say it can be done. And those few can live nicely as long as they stay in Dahl. Let them go outside and they'll see how they're treated. And while they're in here they make themselves feel good by treating the rest of us like dirt. That makes them yellow-hairs in their own eyes. What did this nice person you're renting this room from say when you told him you were bringing in a heatsinker? What did he say I would be like? They're gone now†¦ wouldn't be in the same place with me.† Seldon moistened his lips. â€Å"I won't forget you. I'll see to it that you'll get off Trantor and into my own University in Helicon-once I'm back there myself.† â€Å"Do you promise that? Your word of honor? Even though I'm a Dahlite?† â€Å"The fact that you're a Dahlite is unimportant to me. The fact that you are already a mathematician is! But I still can't quite grasp what you're telling me. I find it impossible to believe that there would be such unreasoning feeling against harmless people.† Amaryl said bitterly, â€Å"That's because you've never had any occasion to interest yourself in such things. It can all pass right under your nose and you wouldn't smell a thing because it doesn't affect you. † Dors said, â€Å"Mr. Amaryl, Dr. Seldon is a mathematician like you and his head can sometimes be in the clouds. You must understand that. I am a historian, however. I know that it isn't unusual to have one group of people look down upon another group. There are peculiar and almost ritualistic hatreds that have no rational justification and that can have their serious historical influence. It's too bad.† Amaryl said, â€Å"Saying something is ‘too bad' is easy. You say you disapprove, which makes you a nice person, and then you can go about your own business and not be interested anymore. It's a lot worse than ‘too bad.' It's against everything decent and natural. We're all of us the same, yellow-hairs and black-hairs, tall and short, Easterners, Westerners, Southerners, and Outworlders. We're all of us, you and I and even the Emperor, descended from the people of Earth, aren't we?† â€Å"Descended from what?† asked Seldon. He turned to look at Dors, his eyes wide. â€Å"From the people of Earth!† shouted Amaryl. â€Å"The one planet on which human beings originated.† â€Å"One planet? Just one planet?† â€Å"The only planet. Sure. Earth.† â€Å"When you say Earth, you mean Aurora, don't you?† â€Å"Aurora? What's that?-I mean Earth. Have you never heard of Earth?† â€Å"No,† said Seldon. â€Å"Actually not.† â€Å"It's a mythical world,† began Dors, â€Å"that-â€Å" â€Å"It's not mythical. It was a real planet.† Seldon sighed. â€Å"I've heard this all before. Well, let's go through it again. Is there a Dahlite book that tells of Earth?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Some computer software, then?† â€Å"I don't know what you're talking about.† â€Å"Young man, where did you hear about Earth?† â€Å"My dad told me. Everyone knows about it.† â€Å"Is there anyone who knows about it especially? Did they teach you about it in school?† â€Å"They never said a word about it there.† â€Å"Then how do people know about it?† Amaryl shrugged his shoulders with an air of being uselessly badgered over nothing. â€Å"Everyone just does. If you want stories about it, there's Mother Rittah. I haven't heard that she's died yet.† â€Å"Your mother? Wouldn't you know-â€Å" â€Å"She's not my mother. That's just what they call her. Mother Rittah. She's an old woman. She lives in Billibotton. Or used to.† â€Å"Where's that?† â€Å"Down in that direction,† said Amaryl, gesturing vaguely. â€Å"How do I get there?† â€Å"Get there? You don't want to get there. You'd never come back.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Believe me. You don't want to go there.† â€Å"But I'd like to see Mother Rittah.† Amaryl shook his head. â€Å"Can you use a knife?† â€Å"For what purpose? What kind of knife?† â€Å"A cutting knife. Like this.† Amaryl reached down to the belt that held his pants tight about his waist. A section of it came away and from one end there flashed out a knife blade, thin, gleaming, and deadly. Dors's hand immediately came down hard upon his right wrist. Amaryl laughed. â€Å"I wasn't planning to use it. I was just showing it to you.† He put the knife back in his belt. â€Å"You need one in self-defense and if you don't have one or if you have one but don't know how to use it, you'll never get out of Billibotton alive. Anyway†-he suddenly grew very grave and intent-â€Å"are you really serious, Master Seldon, about helping me get to Helicon?† â€Å"Entirely serious. That's a promise. Write down your name and where you can be reached by hypercomputer. You have a code, I suppose.† â€Å"My shift in the heatsinks has one. Will that do?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Well then,† said Amaryl, looking up earnestly at Seldon, â€Å"this means I have my whole future riding on you, Master Seldon, so please don't go to Billibotton. I can't afford to lose you now.† He turned beseeching eyes on Dors and said softly, â€Å"Mistress Venabili, if he'll listen to you, don't let him go. Please.†

The American Revolution - 1355 Words

The American Revolution heralded the birth of a new country which by virtue of its founding fathers made all people equal and guaranteed certain very important freedom to all. Despite all this the founding fathers of the new country felt that their ideals were not incorporated into what they dreamt of the country. The United states of America is a democracy as exhibits all features of a democracy but is limited in scope as it is a Republic . The limits of the American democracy was the limits of liberty, freedom, independence and resistance to tyranny. In contrast to the idealism of the Revolution, the freedom granted by the Constitution remained limited for many years following the Revolution. Women could not vote, nor could half a million slaves or over a hundred thousand Native Americans. Slavery and racial segregation remained a political and cultural fault line. The issues that prevented the salves from being included were due to the representation of the federalists. They fel t that if the slaves were brought in, it would cause disunity and would bring in discontent hence the slaves were left out. After independence there was a civil war and a rebellion in the south which led to slaves being made a part of society and so the uprising in the South led to acceptance. Gerrymandering is another important delimits of democracy because people cannot choose to vote for the same geography in subsequent elections .The practice of manipulating theShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. 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One way is that the colonists that had money and were known as the elite were trying to preserve their power from the British and this is what caused the revolutionary war. Then on the other hand bef ore the revolutionary war occurred when the colonists were being over controlled by the British, then in result of the American Revolution the colonists were able to win against the British and become strongerRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1582 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.† - John Adams, 1818 This quote means that the revolution actually took place metaphorically before the actually fighting began. It took place in the emotions and thoughts of the Americans. The Road to Revolution After the Seven Years’ War created a financial problem for Britain The British tried to shoulder some of the financial responsibilities onto the Americas in the form of variousRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesIn regards to the American Revolution, the point that armed rebellion became inevitable arrived when after nearly five constant years of American colonist protesting. American s had enough and needed to take a stand for the numerous inequalities they were forced to deal with. It was foreseeable that the American Revolution took place due to the unfair taxes that the British were giving Americans. Also, England was not allowing Americans their freedom, along with violence and the political dominanceRead MoreThe American Revolution. The American Revolution Started1581 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution The American Revolution started when King George the 3rd decided to make the American Colonies pay a large amount of money for the debt of the French and Indian War by giving the colonist different types of taxes like the Sugar Act in 1764. The sugar Act of 1764 was a British Law that was passed on April 5, 1764, that collected incomes from the 13 colonies. The act put a huge tax on the sugar and molasses that were imported into the colonies which were a huge impact for theRead MoreThe American Revolution1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution was much more than an insurrection against British tariffs and patronage decree. Rather, it was a bureaucratic catastrophe in which colonists from the thirteen American colonies denied the British sovereignty, eradicated the jurisdiction of Great Britain and established the United States of America. The upheaval was a primitive modern revolution in which generality traversed for liberty in the statute of law, constitutional privilege and supremacy. Ensuing years of contentionRead MoreThe American Revolution889 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was one of the most vital events in American History lasting form 1775 to 1783, it effected the nation socially, economically and politically. The American Revolution brought upon many changes in America, and freedom of the nation. The Revolutionary War was a stepping stone to what we are as a nation today, it created both short and long-term effects on the world. When wanting to blame a certain side, the British politicians or the American agitators, several key points leadRead MoreThe American Revolution993 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of the American Revolution is a topic that has been discussed on multiple levels and is extremely well-known, especially within the United States. The details are a little on the generic and basic side but it is at least understood on some level. Most people are aware of the American standpoint, the what, why, how, and when , but there is much more depth to what occurred. The war was obviously between the Americas and the Mother country of Britain, but there were more than just those two

Corporate Social Responsibility And Csr - 1566 Words

Social responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CSR has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities; Stakeholder engagements; Community activities (Eurofound, 2017). CSR originated in the 1950’s, when people believed that the actions of corporations are closely related to society and the public, and should conform to and satisfy social values†¦show more content†¦This study uncovered that overall supplier behavior towards CSR was weak, and to succeed with selecting citizenship suppliers CSR was the key. Purchase Power The authors of the case study, â€Å"The relationship among corporate social responsibility, service quality, corporate image and purchase intentions,† focused on the effects of corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior. Fishbein and Ajzen, stated that purchase intentions used as an indicator customer consumption behavior; Schiffman and Kanuk, believed that purchase intentions measured the possibility of consumer purchase of a certain product; Zeithaml and Sirohi, also stated that purchase intention is based off, want to purchase, considering a purchase, customer loyalty, and recommend products to the masses (Huang, Yen, Liu Huang, 2014). The method of the study was based off questionnaires distributed to 400 and 331 were used. This study explores the relationship between CSR and purchase intension, the hypothesis tested by the authors was, â€Å"CSR has a significant positive effect on purchase intention (Huang,Yen, Liu Huang, 2014).† Which came out to be the hypothesis was supported. Furthermore, when consumers have positive perception of CSR they have higher purchase intentions. In another study on purchase intention, â€Å"Advertisement DisclaimerShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environmentRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesCSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and programs of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporation’s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into public’s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and provide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowen’s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility1598 Words   |  7 Pages CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by many groups like, Tata steel, Coca Cola, Reliance, Videocon etc. Although they all stand for similar meanings connecting to taking responsibilities of the society as a business individual, its definition has been getting broader from a established point of view, corporate social responsibility is a type of business instruction included in a business demonstration. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1173 Words   |  5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in placeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr979 Words   |  4 PagesThe notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is a phenomenon globally known for many years. In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words   |  6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. But in the recent times, the businesses are getting a grip of the significance of the social, ecological and environmental effects on their success. This has resulted in the emerging interactions between organizations and social segments thus giving riseRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to aRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1549 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernments to take responsibility for the problems but also the corporations. One outcome of this is corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR refers to voluntary actions of companies or corporations to contribute to the welfare of society and the health of the environment. Some ways it can be accomplished are through philanthropy, working with NGOs in local communities on humanitarian and/or environmental projects, supporting workers’ unions, and investing in green technologies. CSR is not a new concept

The Theme of Love Essay - 598 Words

The Theme of Love In society today, when someone mentions the word Love and are referring to love between two of no relation, it is guaranteed that at least half the people surrounding you will shudder. Whether it be through observation or experience, people have come to learn that Love is far from being the ideal state in which one should live in and, for that matter, many choose to stay away from it. It is known to break hearts, to hurt feelings and, believe it or not, it truly is not always happily ever after. Yes, Love does have its positive points. It is thrilling and exciting when youre in love, it is sometimes even euphoric but the argument here is not whether Love is good or bad for you. The argument is that it has as†¦show more content†¦To make matters worse, Princess Buttercup ends up being kidnapped by a trio of kidnappers. Fortunately, Buttercups true love, Westley, is still alive and has come back to rescue her. Of course, before the couple can be reunited in blessed matrimo ny, there are a number of interesting obstacles to overcome. The Princess Bride evokes the wonder of fairy tales, with its damsels-in-distress, evil monsters, and generous portions of romance thrown. A wonderful fairy tale it is and knowing full well that nothing is to be taken literally, it is only natural for one to sift the true meaning behind this movie. Love conquers all. As many times as this phrase is to be used, it is necessary to keep mentioning it. It is understandable to say that this movie has been created for children, but is it not wrong to deceive them about the idea of love? It builds an unnecessary idea that there is no stopping Love when it comes your way. There is slight suffering in the movie when Buttercup feels the loss of her true love, and then loses him again for the second time after the Prince attempts to kill him. Yet, Westley revives, twice, on the basis that he has promised his one and true love that he shall be back for her. Nothing is going t o stop him. As for Buttercup, she remains ever-so-faithful for 5Show MoreRelatedThemes Of Love And Hate1443 Words   |  6 PagesLove and hate are both an occurring theme in both Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare and Frankenstein by Mary Shelly. In this essay I will be comparing the similarities and differences of the way that the two texts portray the feeling of love and hate. The essay will be divided into different topics that I will be comparing, these following topics will be: death, passion, betrayal and one more. Romeo and Juliet was a play that was written by the famous English poet, playwright William Shakespeare whoseRead MoreTheme in Shakespeare in Love1207 Words   |  5 Pageslearning about in the text. Explain why it was worth learning about. John Madden’s Shakespeare in love is a ‘romantic comedy’ set in sixteenth century England. Through its two unfortunate protagonists, Will Shakespeare ‘a lowly player’ with writer’s block and wealthy Viola De Lesseps who dreams of ‘love as there has never been in a play,’ it explores the idea of ‘the truth and nature of love’ in the Elizabethan era. Madden portrays the harsh realities of the time through filmatic techniquesRead MoreTheme of Love Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 27, 2013 The Theme of Love The theme of love was developed in three African American Literature works; â€Å"Sweat† by Zora Hurston, â€Å"Long Black Song† by Richard Wright, and â€Å"when you have forgotten Sunday: the love story† by Gwendolyn Brooks ; each author allowing their main character to express doubtable love with their significant other. In â€Å"Sweat†, Hurston gives vivid detail of couple’s unhappy and abusiveRead MoreThe Theme of Love in Poetry1916 Words   |  8 PagesThe Theme of Love in Poetry Love is a very common theme in poetry. By closely examining the ways in which two poets(one must be pre 1900) have explored this theme. Show what you have found to be similar/different in their handling of this theme. Many people have different views on love. Many of these views throughout the ages are explored through poetry as love has much contemporary relevance in todays society as it ever did before. Two love poems I read whichRead MorePoetry : Theme Of Love1638 Words   |  7 PagesLove in Poetry Studying the theme of love in poetry can help a relationship to move from one level to another. Poems express love in unique ways that draws the attention of both the poet and the recipient to focus and express love in powerful ways. The choice of words and phrases used in poems can provide the insight lovers needs to keep their love strong and live for as long as possible (Literary Devices, 2015). Sometimes love fades because people take each other for granted and forget expressingRead MoreThemes Of Love And A Poem2019 Words   |  9 Pagescollection of different â€Å"Love Poems†. It includes my creations of poems that I have made in this course, two favorite poems that I enjoyed quite a lot, a poem that I have â€Å"borrowed† and a graffiti poem that I have also created in this course. To start it off, I have chosen my theme as Love because I find this topic interesting and one of the topics that contains a deep meaning. The special part about my anthology is that it shows different aspects of love and a timeline of love. There is a poem thatRead More The Theme of Love Essay2246 Words   |  9 PagesThe Theme of Love â€Å"Romantic love, physical love, unrequited love, obsessive love.† Compare the ways the poets have written about the theme of love, bringing out different aspects of it. In the six poems I have studied, I see a wide range of different types of love mentioned. I will be looking at 3 poems in depth. These are: â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover†, written by Robert Browning, â€Å"My Last Duchess†, written by the Duke of Ferrara and â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, written by Andrew Marvell. When itRead MoreTheme Of Love In Antigone1033 Words   |  5 PagesIn Antigone there are many examples of love and war throughout the play. The chorus plays a big role in explaining how love and war both take place. Love and war can not only be seen by the plot of the story, but can also be observed within many of the characters. Love is shown for the dead and other family members, war is shown by suicide, and people standing up for themselves and what they believe in. The are many examples of the characters showing the love that they have for one another, but theRead MoreTheme Of Love In Germinal2092 Words   |  9 Pagesbegin a violent uprising to change the living conditions they have suffered for generations. Within this tale of death and violence in the name of revolutionary change, the theme of love emerges. For each family in the mining village, love takes on a different meaning. In their need for survival, the strength of their familial love is stronger than iron. However, as the conditions of the strike worsen the animalistic nature of the starving men and women emerge. No longer do they feel the warmth andRead MoreThemes Of Love And Tragedy Essay2478 Words   |  10 PagesNicolas Sparks once said, â€Å"All love stories have themes of love and tragedy.† Throughout my life, my father and mother tried to show me how to love unconditionally, making this the most important thing in life. We never hung up the phone, or even left the room without saying I love you first. Flash forward 10 years; all the love that filled my childhood home is replaced with screams and blood covering the floor. Two days later, on Christmas morning, my mother is sobbing uncontrollably while her and

Common Theories Of Entrepreneurship Proposed Commerce Essay Free Essays

It was non entrepreneurial history but the history that contained enterprisers. The term foremost appeared in the Hagiographas of Richard Cantillon in 1755 who used the term to depict â€Å" person who exercises concern judgement in the face of uncertainness † . John Sawyer argued entrepreneurship â€Å" as the strictly advanced to the strictly everyday † non merely in the concern but in other organisations where â€Å" important determinations affecting alteration are made impacting the combinations and committedness of resources under conditions of uncertainness â€Å" . We will write a custom essay sample on Common Theories Of Entrepreneurship Proposed Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some common theories of entrepreneurship proposed enterprisers provided the indispensable drive force that powered capitalist economic growing, others proposed it as a signifier of art more than its economic activity and as such hard as any other artistic activity to explicate in footings of beginning, method or environmental influence. Since so many different significances had been assigned some writers wondered whether bookmans should non fling the term â€Å" enterpriser â€Å" . Entrepreneurship non merely touches upon history and economic sciences, but besides countries such as sociology, anthropology, psychological science and many more, some common premises were enterprisers were merely successful bourgeois, his success was proof plenty of his abilities, his motives were obvious: stuff prosperity, public acknowledgment and regard, the public assistance of the society and there were some who related the single concern executive to the direction of the house. But as more energy was spent on this widely characterized term many inquiries like how does an enterpriser gets in to concern or what kind of people tend to be attracted towards the entrepreneurial function come up, the fact was that in covering with enterprisers we were covering with human existences non spaces or interchangeable economic units. Despite the potency for profusion and texture that such a diverse mix of subjects brings a major failing was research workers from one field have tended to disregard the entrepreneurship surveies by research workers in other subject. ( Wortman 1992 )[ 1 ] No by and large accepted theory of entrepreneurship has emerged so far but on the other side with such diverse positions each can assist us to understand assorted facets of entrepreneurship, yet definitions remain of import because they make farther research manageable. This supposed deficiency of articulate theory turned out to be one of the first issues seized by economic experts when they invaded in to the history of economic science. Since the term has been used for more than a century in the Fieldss of commercialism, media and by ordinary people in conversation so it is improbable an wholly new definition would be acceptable. Entrepreneurship â€Å" Entrepreneurship is a journey of test and mistake, there is no cutoff to success † Richard A Bendis CEO Innovation Philadelphia The term entrepreneurship and enterpriser are used interchangeably. Entrepreneur ever precedes entrepreneurship. The procedure of development and co-ordination of maps of enterpriser is termed as entrepreneurship. Webster Third New International Dictionary ( 1961 )[ 2 ]defines the enterpriser as â€Å" an organiser of an economic venture, particularly one who organizes, owns, manages and assumes the hazard of a concern and Wagnalls standard Dictionary[ 3 ]( 1958 ) offers â€Å" One who undertakes to get down and carry on an endeavor or concern, presuming full control and hazard † . The enterpriser is non defined by the formal rank or rubric but retrospectively after successful pattern of invention. A originative individual in the literary, artistic or dramatic sense is non needfully an enterpriser but the 1 who recognizes the value of his thoughts and exploits them otherwise than the remainder. Some primary requirements for the entrepreneurial clime[ 4 ]: Freedom to set an thought in to consequence if the resources can be procured, capable merely to the Torahs of orderly society. Freedom to bask the fruits of success or the penalty of failure. Freedom from interjection by the authorities of its autonomous power to promote an endeavor. Entrepreneurship creates extra entrepreneurial activities, like the induction of computing machines opened up a huge computing machine package market. A concern of any sort generates the demand for 1000s of new concerns impacting growing of society. Entrepreneurship makes an of import part to the economic development by supplying a platform for the pool of cognition that otherwise would hold remained trapped. The kernel of entrepreneurship is the induction of alteration and one time this alteration is initiated direction takes charge of the production and distribution. Like developing a human intelligent computing machine requires an advanced alteration affecting entrepreneurship but one time the production begins, the direction takes over and organizes a model for its go oning production. The enterpriser is the alteration agent, the beginning of invention but still it remains a partially charted universe and can non be to the full defined. Entrepreneur as an Innovator and strategian Entrepreneurship is a originative force, person who can believe otherwise and make new chances. Society ‘s primary involvement in entrepreneurship seems making new possibilities that improve our economic life. Entrepreneur is considered as a beginning of alteration in society and the economic system. Strategic regulations of behavior are based on thoughts to hold a competitory border within a set of market constructions, hence undertaking is optimising within given boundaries conducted through thorough analysis by mechanistic system and model to back up a brimming thought. Gartner ( 1988 )[ 5 ]suggests that â€Å" entrepreneurship is to make with making new concern ventures, irrespective of whether they are high growing oriented or non.The focal point is upon looking at the procedure of making the organisation instead than on the single individual † . The activity of entrepreneurship is about taking hazard at the same clip enterprise in chase of net income, the basic trial for an enterpriser would be whether his thought will function its full intent and if he is able to do money ( net income ) out of it. A good refined enterpriser is really careful to cipher the hazard they take, they possess both originative and direction accomplishments and these accomplishments differentiate them from discoverers, directors and authorities decision makers. Schumpter[ 6 ]in 1995 argued that the inventions made by the enterprisers are the strategic factors in economic development and a conducive factor in trade. He made a clear and strong differentiation between innovation and invention. Invention is an act of making an thought or vision whereas Innovation is doing usage of innovation to do new things or to do things otherwise. Invention is associated with research, development, presentation and commercialisation. Innovation is a important factor for run intoing the altering demands of the society. It is about making something different from the herd and in making so analysing both production and market invention. In a free environment there is a leaning for detecting chances and therefore spread outing them to profitable ventures. The being of a association football field does non warrants soccer games in the same manner being of favourable conditions will non itself create entrepreneurial activity. Fritz Machlup[ 7 ]depict this state of affairs as â€Å" the birthrate of freedom † . Illustration: The successful international concatenation Body Shop international started out in 1970 as a individual store in a little Southern English town merchandising cosmetics and related merchandises based on natural ingredients. Anita Roddick the laminitis had an thought which see implemented with a individual store in the beginning and subsequently with her concern experience, development and commercialisation it grew internationally. Post Second World War there has been burgeoning growing in the activities affecting Science and Technology. Yet within the past few old ages at that place has been important paradigm displacement from procedure of making new scientific and technological progresss towards greater accent on effectual use of finds and development.The difference between innovation and invention has been attributed to the function of pioneer who is responsible for interlingual rendition of scientific discipline and engineering in to common twenty-four hours usage.[ 8 ] Invention can be farther categorized as evolutionary and radical inventions. Generally inventions happening within a house, doing a steady house with accommodation to little alterations is referred to as evolutionary alterations. Evolutionary invention progress over clip, leting houses to follow improved methods and remain competitory. They occur frequently and are a procedure of alteration in virtually all major industries. Fuel efficient transmittals, electronic ignition in the car industry are illustrations of evolutionary alterations. On the other manus Revolutionary inventions are non portion of the normal procedure and are a beginning of major alteration within a organisation. These inventions create new industries, have major turbulences within the bing industry and do some industries obsolete taking them to extent of failure. Most common illustration of radical invention is the development and realignment of computing machines ; rise of automotive industry is besides an radical invention. Bridging of these two inventions is of import for houses to remain competitory as the coming of the two creates major turbulences across many industries, if houses are accommodating to alterations through evolutionary alteration it thereby opens a huge chance of radical inventions doing current methodological analysis obsolete. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development Societies differ in their capacity to accomplish economic growing. Small over two centuries ago there was small difference in the economic well-being of the bulk of the World ‘s population but as the passage towards industrial revolution was made the economic growing rate began to increase. Significantly the degree of per capita income and the criterion of life improved. Entrepreneurship has been regarded as the important factor in the procedure of economic growing and development, as the economic growing and development occurs the conditions prefering entrepreneurship besides improves. It is non possible to hold development without growing, hence neglecting to understand entrepreneurship is neglecting to acknowledge the policies of turning economic system. Nelson and Winter ( 1982 )[ 9 ]and Winter ( 1984 )[ 10 ]suggested that more diverseness would be generated under the â€Å" entrepreneurial government than the routinized government, Under the routinized technological government invention will be given to be less diverse and in contrast under the entrepreneurial government invention is characterized by more diverseness. † Therefore in decision opportunities of new endeavors to be started should be associated with greater grade of diverseness. Economic growing and entrepreneurship are likely to boom in favourable economic conditions, if the economic conditions are favourable so given the maximal use of an thought, entrepreneurship will emerge and ensue will be the economic development. On the contrary if the conditions are non favourable entrepreneurship will non lift thereby stagnating the economic system. Entrepreneurship is a dependent entity ; it acts as the accelerator supplying flicker for the economic growing. Entrepreneurship has become a critical policy issue particularly for the developing economic systems as, foremost as it helps in making self employment which provides flexibleness and productiveness to the economic system. Second the rise of advanced entrepreneurship is a tool to stay competitory and for other occupation creative activities. Capital which entrepreneurs generates exerts an upward influence through increased competition via increased figure of houses, non merely more figure of houses provide greater competition for new thoughts instead facilitates opening of new concerns with different thoughts thereby increasing the growing and development of the economic system. Therefore this in a manner indicates parts with high sum of entrepreneurial activity are likely to hold broad concern diverseness which consequences in higher rates of economic growing. In a development or a developed economic system opportunities of new endeavors to be started should be associated with greater grade of diverseness. Entrepreneurship and its relation with Engineering As enterprisers fill the nothingness between proficient progresss and economic sciences so hence for human sort to derive benefits from technology developments, enterprisers must acknowledge the value of economic sciences in the technological promotion and assist create concern ventures for social-economic stableness. Technology is of import, one manner to construct a concern around capablenesss that others can non copy, but itself engineering remains uncomplete, so an enterpriser ‘s chief occupation is to happen the concern value that engineering can make and happen a way to change over that into a concern. So understanding of the two can non be ignored. Sony Walkman was the portable tape participant which came in to being after the technology expertness to the full understood the related proficient issues, one time this merchandise was available tonss of other houses took this chance to make full the spreads in this emerging market with their ain participants or to widen this thought from tape recording equipment to cd participant. Hence a small technological promotion with entrepreneurial accomplishments can be seen to play a specific function in the economic stableness. Biblography How to cite Common Theories Of Entrepreneurship Proposed Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Thesis and Sources for Johnstown Flood free essay sample

In my essay, I’m going to prove whether the Johnstown flood was an actual natural disaster or if the people believe it was a sign from God. I will support my thesis with facts from survivors and how they portrayed the flood. Useful verses from the Bible, Genesis, can also support my points of religious reasons being the cause of the flood. I will also use the statements from newspapers and articles explaining what they â€Å"suggest† happened. The world’s worst known catastrophe occurred May 31, 1889 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Due to a poorly designed and constructed dam, the flood was estimated to have killed more than 2,000 people. In the Book of Genesis, there was a flood to end all evil on the earth, which questions why the Johnstown flood occurred. In Genesis, Chapter 9, God establishes a covenant of faithfulness; promising he would never destroy the world again. The Johnstown Flood was a tragedy that happened due to an un-explainable damaged dam, but with similarities relating to the Genesis flood religious aspects could have also had a part in the catastrophe. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis and Sources for Johnstown Flood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My Sources— †¢Slattery, Gertrude Quinn. Johnstown and its Flood. Pennsylvania: Wilkes- Barre, 1936. Slattery wrote this book so everyone will be able to have a sense of the Johnstown flood through her personal experience. She briefly explains her thoughts and how she was feeling at the time. Slattery breaks up the story into different sections; how the town was before and after the flood, the breakage of the dam and her reactions. It’s an interesting and captivating story. –A Primary source â€Å"Article† popular †¢The Bible, Genesis. King James Version. I will use the Bible as a primary source when relating to any religious points about the Johnstown flood. †¢McCullough, David. The Johnstown Flood: The Incredible story behind one of the Most Devastating Disasters America has ever known. New York: Simon Schuster Inc, 1968. Paperback. McCullough’s book offers a more in depth description on what occurred in Johnstown, Pennsylvania during the tragedy. It gives a powerful historical lesson and analyzes the Johnstown flood to a great extent. McCullough also makes you believe that even though people are in positions of responsibility; they are not necessarily behaving responsibly.